Did Italy Exist in Moshe’s Time?

**Spelling “Tverya” with an *alef* or *hei*** - In a *kesubah* or *get*, should the city name *Tverya* be spelled with an *alef*, as found throughout Shas, or with a *hei*, as in modern Hebrew? - If the city is named after the Roman emperor Tiberius, how could the Gemara say it is called *Tverya* because of “*tovah re’iyasah*” (its good vision) or because it sits at the “*tabur*” (belly) of Eretz Yisrael? - How does this compare to the term “Sanhedrin,” a Greek word, being commonly usedin Chazal instead of the Torah terms *shoftim* or *dayanim*? **Calabrian esrogim in Moshe Rabbeinu’s time** - Why is there a Chabad tradition to use *esrogim* specifically from Calabria, Italy? - If the Gemara says Italy came into existence only when Shlomo HaMelech married the daughter of Pharaoh, how could *shluchim* have brought *esrogim* from Calabria in the times of Moshe Rabbeinu? - Which sources indicate that Italy existed already at *Matan Torah*, and how is the contradiction resolved? - What about the *bracha* of “*oseh ma’aseh bereishis*” on Italian mountains, or the date for reading the Megillah in a walled Italian city? **Makeup on Shabbos during shiva** - May a woman sitting *shiva* put on makeup for Shabbos if she does so every single Shabbos, given that its absence would be noticeable *aveilus b’farhesya* (public mourning)? - Is refraining from a routine practice itself considered public mourning, comparable to not wearing shoes or not eating meat when Tisha B’Av falls on Shabbos? - Does it matter that the makeup would need to be applied before Shabbos, while the *shiva* restrictions are still fully in force? - What about cutting overgrown hair or shaving (a discussion onto itself) during *shiva*, when their absence would be noticeable on Shabbos? **Cochlear implants in halacha** - Is one who hears only through a cochlear implant *yotzei* hearing *shofar*, Megillah, Kiddush, and Havdalah? - Why do most *poskim* consider hearing aids to produce a new artificial sound rather than halachic hearing? - Is a cochlear implant better than a hearing aid because it stimulates the hearing nerve directly, or is it a bigger problem because no actual sound is heard at all? - Why are glasses considered real seeing, while a camera wired directly to the nerve would not be? **Calling someone by his father’s nickname** - May a *bochur* in camp call a friend by a nickname that is identical to his father’s unusual nickname (a *shem peli*)? - Does the prohibition against calling others by one’s father’s name apply only in the father’s presence, or even away from him? - Is this an actual *issur* or a matter of *kavod*? - How rare must the name be for the concern to apply, and does the likelihood that the father is *mochel* create room for leniency?