Oct 1, 2026 · 53 min · 12 segments
Michael Muthukrishna is Professor of Economic Psychology at New York University & London School of Economics. His research spans cultural evolution, psychology, economics, and artificial intelligence…
Michael MuthukrishnaGuest
David Sloan WilsonHostWell, I think this can segue into a discussion of alignment and evolution by noting, and this is a point that many people do not get about evolution, which is that evolution often results in systems that are not aligned.
So Darwin in a letter, wrote, what a sermon the devil's chaplain might write about the horrible, cruel work, sloppy, messy, cruel works of nature.
And in The Origin of Species, he describes nature as like 10,000 inwardly pointed wedges being hammered against each other.
And if you want to find alignment in nature, where you should look first and foremost is the workings of a healthy organism, a single healthy organism.
And when it comes to interactions among organisms, what you'll find is, yes, you will find alignment above the level of the individual, but only when very special conditions are met.
And so it's for that reason that you can't really understand alignment at all in living systems except from a multilevel evolutionary perspective.
But let me have that in your own words as to why, if we're to understand alignment in any kind of functional terms, in nature or culture, we cannot do it without evolution.

And one of my contributions has been to apply that science to understand corruption in a better way.

So in 2005, as you know, Science Magazine says, how cooperation evolved is one of the top 25 questions for the coming quarter century.

And we identified a whole bunch of mechanisms that would allow for cooperation.

Kin selection, inclusive fitness, and direct reciprocity, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity via cooperating through reputation.

Religion has been identified as a way to transition from reputation-based systems to institution-based systems.

But one of the elephants in the room is that if all of these mechanisms are at play, they're not always aligned with one another.

So sometimes what's good for, let's say, my family, my kin, is not what's good for the state or the country.

Sometimes what's good for the cell isn't necessarily good for the organism.
Well, I think this can segue into a discussion of alignment and evolution by noting, and this is a point that many people do not get about evolution, which is that evolution often results in systems that are not aligned.
So Darwin in a letter, wrote, what a sermon the devil's chaplain might write about the horrible, cruel work, sloppy, messy, cruel works of nature.
And in The Origin of Species, he describes nature as like 10,000 inwardly pointed wedges being hammered against each other.
And if you want to find alignment in nature, where you should look first and foremost is the workings of a healthy organism, a single healthy organism.
And when it comes to interactions among organisms, what you'll find is, yes, you will find alignment above the level of the individual, but only when very special conditions are met.
And so it's for that reason that you can't really understand alignment at all in living systems except from a multilevel evolutionary perspective.
But let me have that in your own words as to why, if we're to understand alignment in any kind of functional terms, in nature or culture, we cannot do it without evolution.

And one of my contributions has been to apply that science to understand corruption in a better way.

So in 2005, as you know, Science Magazine says, how cooperation evolved is one of the top 25 questions for the coming quarter century.

And we identified a whole bunch of mechanisms that would allow for cooperation.

Kin selection, inclusive fitness, and direct reciprocity, reciprocal altruism, indirect reciprocity via cooperating through reputation.

Religion has been identified as a way to transition from reputation-based systems to institution-based systems.

But one of the elephants in the room is that if all of these mechanisms are at play, they're not always aligned with one another.

So sometimes what's good for, let's say, my family, my kin, is not what's good for the state or the country.

Sometimes what's good for the cell isn't necessarily good for the organism.
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