Oct 18, 2026 · 13 min · 13 segments
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Matt O'DowdHost
[upbeat music] The mystical-seeming quality of heat is nothing more than the motion of a substance component particles.

But what if we reduce temperature so much that all particle motion ceases? This state of absolute cold is the zero point in the Kelvin temperature scale, corresponding to -273.15 Celsius.

Many experimental physicists have spent their careers trying to cool things to absolute zero.

Using lasers and magnetic fields, we've now managed to cool certain substances to less than a billionth of a Kelvin.

Doing so has revealed some bizarre quantum states of matter, but quantum mechanics may also prevent us from ever reaching absolute zero.

Understanding the limit to cold will lead us to an understanding of the nature of the quantum vacuum itself.

Yet more heat causes electrons in any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state.

In these states of matter, particles have an enormous range of individual energies, some moving or vibrating fast, some slow.

Temperature just represents the average kinetic energy of the countless particles.

And while a substance can theoretically have any temperature above absolute zero, its component particles cannot.

They can only occupy certain energy levels of vibration or motion, much like the discrete electron orbitals in an atom.

This quantum nature is revealed when we look at the spectrum of light produced as those particles hop between energy levels.

Its mathematical form was our first hint at the quantum nature of the subatomic world.

The influence of the quantum world becomes far more apparent in the strange states of matter that exist at the cold end of the heat spectrum.

As we sap energy out of certain substances, its particles drop into the lowest possible energy state.

Once nearly all particles occupy that one quantum state, they share a single coherent wave function.

[upbeat music] The mystical-seeming quality of heat is nothing more than the motion of a substance component particles.

But what if we reduce temperature so much that all particle motion ceases? This state of absolute cold is the zero point in the Kelvin temperature scale, corresponding to -273.15 Celsius.

Many experimental physicists have spent their careers trying to cool things to absolute zero.

Using lasers and magnetic fields, we've now managed to cool certain substances to less than a billionth of a Kelvin.

Doing so has revealed some bizarre quantum states of matter, but quantum mechanics may also prevent us from ever reaching absolute zero.

Understanding the limit to cold will lead us to an understanding of the nature of the quantum vacuum itself.

Yet more heat causes electrons in any gas to escape the bonds of their atoms, resulting in the less known plasma state.

In these states of matter, particles have an enormous range of individual energies, some moving or vibrating fast, some slow.

Temperature just represents the average kinetic energy of the countless particles.

And while a substance can theoretically have any temperature above absolute zero, its component particles cannot.

They can only occupy certain energy levels of vibration or motion, much like the discrete electron orbitals in an atom.

This quantum nature is revealed when we look at the spectrum of light produced as those particles hop between energy levels.

Its mathematical form was our first hint at the quantum nature of the subatomic world.

The influence of the quantum world becomes far more apparent in the strange states of matter that exist at the cold end of the heat spectrum.

As we sap energy out of certain substances, its particles drop into the lowest possible energy state.

Once nearly all particles occupy that one quantum state, they share a single coherent wave function.
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