Van Leer Institute Series on Ideas
Sep 19, 2026 · 41 min · 23 segments
Between Fixed and Fickle: Why Our Moral Views Keep Changing (Harvard UP, 2026), a psychologist explains why—and how—moral views change across different…
Audun DahlGuestRenee GarfinkelHostWhy do you think the fixed truths and fickle morality story became so dominant?

I think it's a very convenient way to preserve our conviction about our own moral truths being obvious and essentially not needing further arguments while explaining why other people don't see those obvious moral truths.

Like it's it's it's almost it's at least the most obvious way to make sense of that kind of otherwise strange situation where I see something that's that's obviously that I think is obviously true.

But at the same time, you know, there are other people who don't see it that way.

I also think that it plays, or it can play at least, an important political role in that if a member or leader of a political party or a political campaigner can convince their followers that those who disagree with them are actually malevolent or irrational, it becomes, you know, a way to garner support around your own view.

So, you know, the American historian Richard Hofstadter called this the devil theory of social ills.

Basically, that, you know, then he was referring to political campaigns he was talking about in the in the 1960s where the arguments presented by people like Barry Goldwater, for example, was that the social problems were basically simple.

So the fixed and fickle story becomes a way of demonizing the other side as well by presenting anyone who disagrees as malevolent or irrational.
Why do you think the fixed truths and fickle morality story became so dominant?

I think it's a very convenient way to preserve our conviction about our own moral truths being obvious and essentially not needing further arguments while explaining why other people don't see those obvious moral truths.

Like it's it's it's almost it's at least the most obvious way to make sense of that kind of otherwise strange situation where I see something that's that's obviously that I think is obviously true.

But at the same time, you know, there are other people who don't see it that way.

I also think that it plays, or it can play at least, an important political role in that if a member or leader of a political party or a political campaigner can convince their followers that those who disagree with them are actually malevolent or irrational, it becomes, you know, a way to garner support around your own view.

So, you know, the American historian Richard Hofstadter called this the devil theory of social ills.

Basically, that, you know, then he was referring to political campaigns he was talking about in the in the 1960s where the arguments presented by people like Barry Goldwater, for example, was that the social problems were basically simple.

So the fixed and fickle story becomes a way of demonizing the other side as well by presenting anyone who disagrees as malevolent or irrational.
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