But in plain terms, why is this such a significant moment for the type 1 diabetes community?

The announcement that teplizumab will be available on the NHS is a really big moment for the type 1 diabetes community.

This is the first time we have a treatment that deals with the root cause of type 1 diabetes, which is the autoimmune attack on the insulin producing cells in the pancreas.

For the last hundred years, care has really relied on insulin.

And what insulin does is manage the symptoms, but it doesn't target the issue, which is that immune attack.

So what makes teplizumab so exciting is it's the first medicine available on the NHS that really does that, that tries to, or does change the immune system, calms it down so that people can stay off insulin for longer.

So the important point here is that NICE has recommended plizumab for people at a very specific point of type 1 diabetes, so a very early stage before symptoms have developed.

From your perspective, how does screening fit into that picture? And what is ELSA 2 aiming to do?

Um, why do people feel stigmatized by having diabetes?

Well, we know people feel stigmatized because we've run, uh, research surveys, and we have really good evidence now that the majority of people with all types of diabetes, so Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes, experience stigma in their day-to-day lives.

So that could be from family and friends.

That's a very common source of stigma.

Healthcare professionals also sadly a very common source of stigma, and wider society.

So the media, we've all seen the stigmatizing phrasing, photographs in the media.

Um, and of course, that's very upsetting and shaming for people to be judged in that way.

[laughs]