happening.

A second kind of thematic here is to think about disaggregated resource use here as well, in terms of the metrics we use to analyze this.

There's a lot of focus on energy and carbon emissions, but what we're not focusing so much on is that low carbon AI inference or compute doesn't necessarily translate to low water or low land impacts of AI.

And We're missing this kind of balance of trade-offs when we talk about green energy use in AI systems, right? Does that green energy use actually contribute to greater land impacts and water impacts of AI systems? And there's an excellent United Nations University report on this just from last month that I'd like to highlight, has actually thought about how we might consider some of these trade-offs.

A third, I think, theme here is the lack of standardization, the lack of granularity of the metrics.

We simply don't have standard definitions globally to think about what the environmental impact of AI data centers and AI use has been.

We don't have common reporting units and we don't have common evaluation frameworks to think about how we might monitor and think about assessments here.

So how should AI governance frameworks evolve to address this distributional and climate justice concern?

But do you want to talk a little bit about your work? I don't know what project you might want to talk a little bit about in terms of digital public infrastructure that I feel like in some ways ties a lot of this all together.

I can speak to two maybe big projects I've done in this sphere.

So one is the kind of standardization of, as you mentioned, both the technical, but also the institutional and the political infrastructure behind some of these systems.

We've spoken before as well about this kind of new language and narrative and systems that are being built as digital public infrastructure, which basically take it for granted that there's these three kinds of systems that every society needs, or at least every state in the global south in particular needs which is if you want to be an effective belfast tech you need a digital id you need a payment system also a digital public finance system and you need a working data exchange infrastructure and this idea of kind of what a state's digital infrastructure should be kind of emerged to a large extent from india somewhat you know, pitching itself, pitching things that it had already done as the way forward for a lot of other developing or states in the Global South, which wanted to scale up their digital infrastructure for public services, but also to kind of, to also shape markets in different ways.

And so if you read, for example, some of the justifications provided by particularly large donors and funders, IMF or the World Bank, for example, on why this system should be created.

It's not only for creating more efficient government services.

It also says that, hey, at the same time, you know what, you're now given access to a huge market through this new database that you have created.

that you