What's your read of the physiology around the cardiovascular side of this?

Since you're going to come back to controversial areas, like I think it's still controversial, you know, whether a tiny bit of alcohol is neutral, harmful or damaging.

But I'm going to say it's probably minor.

And my maybe surprising take is that we're spending way too much time.

debating this, and it's because we all like to drink, or most of us, many of us, you know, it's like, so that's why we're sort of obsessing.

But I would say that, like, as a general takeaway for people, you know, heart disease is obviously important.

Heart disease comes in several different flavors, right? We all say heart disease, but really, we should look at it more specifically.

When you've done these meta-analyses, and you've done a bunch of them over the last 20 years, and you start to control for these kinds of effects... you find that the purported benefit goes away.

Do they actually change behavior?

The answer is that they probably do.

Well, they do.

There's a shortage of actual real-world experiments, and probably the best ones One of those, the most well-known of the real-world experiments, occurred in Canada, whatever it was, six or seven years ago in the Yukon where they, for 21 days, instituted cancer warning labels before the industry intimidated the government and they stopped it.

But during that time, I think the consumption of the label products compared to the control community in the Northern Territories declined about 6 or 7%.

There's also lots of studies looking at whether labels, and this is often done in laboratory conditions, but whether labels improve people's knowledge.

And after all, the purpose of labeling, you know, if it gets people to drink a bit less, that's great.

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