Who were the patients that were most benefiting from this? What, what kinds of patients? What were they suffering from?

So we've developed immunotherapies over the years that have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration.

We first did this in melanoma where we could get good tumor regressions in well over half and 56% of patients that had metastatic disease, but that approach has not proven effective for patients with the common solid cancers that result in 90% of all deaths from cancer, and by that I mean tumors from the rectum, the colon, the stomach, the pancreas, the uterus, the ovary.

And by developing techniques that we describe in this paper for the first time enabled us to consistently, or at least a quarter of the time, uh, see regressions of, uh, metastatic cancer.

All the patients we treat here at the National Cancer Institute, uh, have been through all standard treatments, uh, and come here to the NIH, referred to as the National Institutes of Health for many patients, as a last resort to receive new treatments and help us develop new approaches to patients, uh, with cancer that cannot be solved by today's medicine.

Th- this kind of progress to be made, how does that feel to you personally as a researcher and a doctor?

It's, uh, it's a roller coaster.

You know, I'll walk into one room where we've treated patients, I make rounds every day, where we've treated patients that have had a good response and the patients are happy and their family is happy, and I then walk into the next room and things have not worked and the patient and their family are in tears, uh, because in fact this last hope has not, uh, has not helped them.So, it's a roller coaster of emotions.