How do you know which is which? How do you know this is merely just a sort of fluctuation? How do you know when it's something more structural, much deeper?

I would say generally speaking, generally, generally speaking, I like to look at broader trends that are not month to month to month.

So, broader trends might have something to do with the rate of urbanization growth or how a country has changed in the last 10 or even 50 years or so, and what that looks like now, what that would look like in a decade or two, because as funny as it sounds, Really, regardless of where you're investing, a company is worth the sum of discounted future cash flows to eternity.

I know that sounds strange, but that's the reality, whether you're investing in Nairobi, Kenya, or whether you're investing in New York City.

That is absolutely the case.

So in my experience, countries don't change that often.

The discount rate around its future cash flows do change, but whether...

yeah yeah just looking ahead to the next three to five to ten years what's one reason for optimism as you think about your work and you know the markets you operate in and perhaps one reason for caution i