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Rafael Walker

Rafael Walker is associate professor of English at Baruch College, CUNY, and author of Realism after the Individual (University of Chicago Press, 2025).

Oct 12, 2026

11:02
But would you tell us a little bit, maybe just give us a potted history of these kind of shifting concepts of the individual for those who might not know anything about them?
11:10
Sure, sure.
11:11
Thank you for that question.
11:14
So the discourse of individualism emerges alongside this burgeoning class, mercantile class merchant in the 16th, 17th centuries.
11:30
It's early mode.
11:32
And so John Locke, who was one of the architects of this way of thinking, in a world where you've got all of this exploration, all these new territories, all this new stuff to get for the empire, and all of these newly made men who are getting rich through paths that had been unavailable before.
11:56
In the aristocratic model, the only way you had wealth Only path to money was owning land, and that land was all taken up, so there was really no way to change your position.

28 MINS LATER

40:01
But you do have these, you then go on to talk about these other really interesting novels where, like you said before, they're, you know, maybe not good characters, but they manage to survive and just thrive in certain ways, right? So these viable forms of female subjectivity that correspond to this new world of like consumerism and corporate commerce and like, you know, rampant desire or whatever, right? And so maybe could you share an example of, like, what are one of these kind of examples of a character who finds their way where Edna couldn't, I suppose?
9:51
But would you tell us a little bit, maybe just give us a potted history of these kind of shifting concepts of the individual for those who might not know anything about them?
9:59
Sure.
9:59
Sure.
10:00
Thank you for that question.
10:01
Um, so the, um, discourse of individualism, uh, emerges alongside this burgeoning class, uh, mercantile class merchant, um, in the 16th, 17th centuries.
10:18
That's its, its early mode.
10:20
Um, and so John Locke, who was one of the architects of this way of thinking, uh, in a world where, um, you know, you've got all of this exploration, all these new territories, all this new stuff to get for the empire, um, and all of these newly made men, uh, who are getting rich through paths that had been unavailable before.

28 MINS LATER

38:24
And so maybe could you share an example of, like, what, what are one of, one of these kind of examples of a character who finds their way where Edna couldn't, I suppose?
11:07
But would you tell us a little bit, maybe just give us a potted history of these kind of shifting concepts of the individual for those who might not know anything about them?
11:15
Sure.
11:16
Sure.
11:16
Thank you for that question.
11:18
Um, so the, um, discourse of individualism, uh, emerges alongside this burgeoning class of mercantile class merchant, um, in the sixteenth, seventeenth centuries.
11:35
That's its, its early mode.
11:37
Um, and so John Locke, who was one of the architects of this way of thinking, uh, in a world where, um, you know, you've got all of this exploration, all these new territories, all this new stuff to get for the empire, um, and all of these newly made men, uh, who are getting rich through paths that had been unavailable before.

29 MINS LATER

40:59
And so maybe could you share an example of like what what are one of one of these kind of examples of a character who finds their way where Edna couldn't, I suppose?
9:48
But would you tell us a little bit, maybe just give us a potted history of these kind of shifting concepts of the individual for those who might not know anything about them?
9:56
Sure.
9:57
Sure.
9:57
Thank you for that question.
9:59
Um, so the, um, discourse of individualism, uh, emerges alongside this burgeoning class, uh, mercantile class merchant, um, in the sixteenth, seventeenth centuries.
10:16
That's it-its early mode.
10:18
Um, and so John Locke, who was one of the architects of this way of thinking, uh, in a world where, um, you know, you've got all of this exploration, all these new territories, all this new stuff to get for the empire, um, and all of these newly made men, uh, who are getting rich through paths that had been unavailable before.

24 MINS LATER

34:50
And so maybe could you share an example of, like, what, what are one of, one of these kind of examples of a character who finds their way where Edna couldn't, I suppose?

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