What are the big differences between then and now?

Certainly from a selection point of view, we're training our people smarter rather than harder.

My initial comments earlier in our discussion related to during selection members or applicants were selected out rather than selected in.

We've now spun that on its head and we're actually looking for those attributes that we think are aligned to our success.

And as you've indicated, we've sought advice from external psychologists and experts in the areas of selection and not just tactical police selection.

We've developed a number of tools that allow us to look at people through a different lens.

identifying those behavior traits that are aligned to success.

Is there any other, what are the biggest challenges facing the SOG at the moment and where do you see the kind of future of operator in what environments they're operating

So I guess it's two questions, Professor Ward, and that is, number one, is there other life like us out there, complex life? And number two, will we ever hear from them? I understand the second problem, but is it likely, as the book title suggests, why complex life is uncommon in the universe? Is there a reason it's not more common than we might have thought it would be?

Yeah, well, one of the scary things that's happened since we wrote that book, and again, that was 25 years ago, time has gone by, something called the big filter.

It is that, yes, you might have animal equivalents, people that we could speak to or have conversations with perhaps, but the great filter suggests that civilizations get to a certain point and either wipe themselves out, or actually nature wipes them out.

There's lots of bad actors in the universe.

We have great big stars that explode.

We have neutron bursts.

There are many aspects, and even planets themselves.

How is it that plate tectonics and the movement of those plates help to keep the temperature moderated?

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moreThey're culturally invisible.

We do not make movies about these.

This is a gorgonopsian, or a gorgon.

That's an 18-inch long skull of an animal that was probably seven or eight feet, sprawled like a lizard, probably had a head like a lion.

This is the top carnivore, the T. rex of his time.

But there's lots of stuff.

Think you have what it takes? [can opening]

What was it like to go through a season where everything clicked like that? What were you doing so well to enable you to get 36 goals?

I think it was just the players I was playing with and also the players playing against me didn't really know me.

And I think that was an advantage as well.

I'd only played eight games a season before at the end of the season.

So I think that was a little advantage as well.

But I was quick, you know, and I could dribble.

Georgia Best was my idol, so, you know, I was greedy.

So you probably had a few regrets traveling north, didn't you?

What led you into politics and wanting to

represent a constituency? Well, first of all, I've always believed in a fairer world.

I do broadly believe, you know, in what the Greens stand for.

There are some things in the policies that I have difficulty with.

But, you know, broadly speaking, climate change is one of the issues that we do face.

But before the referendum, I've got to be honest, I wasn't that bothered about the EU until I watched the debates between Nigel Farage and Nick Clegg on television.

And Nigel Farage made the point that something like 75% of UK laws came from Brussels.

Why is it that when people have been fooled, they almost so eagerly want to be fooled again? Can you give me your take on the psychology behind that?

Uh, Peter, can you tell us a bit more about yourself and the journey through life that kind of led to where you are today?

Well, they weren't popular enough, [laughs] 'cause I still have my day job at 76 years old.

Uh, just like all kids, I grew up involved with dinosaurs.

And then s- luck...

I'm happily enough, I never quit being a kid, so I've been able to think about dinosaurs for all these years.

But dinosaurs are just the tip of the iceberg, of course, and the hothouse, and the other, many other worlds of the history of life on Earth.

But the fun part about it was I was lucky enough to be around really smart people that intrigued me about how could we apply the history of life on Earth to understanding the frequency of life in the cosmos.

Mm

Is that a future possibility?

Absolutely.

In fact, the Dutch are, are planning on that right now.

The Dutch are really smart.

They real- recognize that, like I think, there's an inev- inevitability to a pretty significant sea level rise, and what are we gonna do about it? So as their country goes underwater, they are already now thinking of very large, uh, living areas which are, are floating.

These are just gigantic floating regions.

And the Museum of Modern Art in New York City, of all things, asked four different architects to come up with a New York of the 21st century, and they recognize, as I do, that right now New York is trying to...

Uh, Professor?

Is there any chance, in your opinion, uh, professor, that we would evolve to, uh, be able to survive in a changed and changing climate?

Well, I suspect so.

We certainly have-- We are, as Steve Stanley said, we are children of the Ice Age, and the Ice Age was nothing but change.

You had glacial and the nasty cold everywhere, and interglacial back and forth.

But to really produce a new species, if you wanna evolve, you wanna produce a new species, that's where most of the evolution takes place, we would have to separate somehow.

If we head out in space, yes, I could expect new human species to arrive.

But with transportation being what it is and with social mores falling, with the taboos against breeding with other countries' people falling like crazy, the chance becomes less and less that some group of us could get isolated and have sufficient isolation, sufficient, uh, change around them to produce huge evolutionary differences.

Uh, for real?

Let's take a few moments to talk about climate change, and regardless of how it changes or why it changes, can you say that, beyond a shadow of a doubt, climates change?

Yeah, well, it certainly has.

It's funny, the-Just as I was preparing for the show, I was looking and was surprised to see a week ago it was announced that the El Niño event, which we in Western Washington keep an eye on, is expected to be what they're calling a super El Niño.

El Niño is a cycle back and forth, and it's entirely related to the warming of water or the cooling of water off the western coast of South America.

If it warms too much, it causes the jet stream to move in different directions.

George, I don't know about where you've been this past six months, but we out in the west have just gone through the driest, warmest winter that I can ever remember.

I'm a snow skier.

Peter, if you were on the planet at the time of the collision, and you were able to witness it, what would you see? What would you-

Someone fast-blast me.

Maybe it was 90s.

I know a bunch of our people from my university went.

I didn't.

But it did change the temperature of the Earth.

So Crews said, hey, let's salt the atmosphere.

with the equivalent of Mount Pinatubo ash.

What happened? What was that all about?

And how was it?

Well, there were some moments when I was thinking I'm not very lucky at all.

We had a storm on our third day.

We were two parties, one from the American Museum of National History and our party, University of Washington and Caltech.

And the big storm hit on the second, third day.

The American Museum team was found in a cave just barely alive after the storm blew all their tents down.

So if you don't have a tent in a big storm when it's below zero and you've got, we had 90 mile an hour winds, you die real fast.

So where does hydrogen sulfide come in in this process?

What I'm worried about is some sort of trigger that would cause a release in perhaps just one of these oceans releasing its CO2 suddenly.

No, that would be a catastrophe.

And, again, the physics of this has been worked out.

It is possible.

There's an even scarier prospect that's quite related to that.

What if it isn't CO2 that gets out, but what if it's methane? There's a guy at Northwestern named Greg Riskin, who's a chemical engineer, a couple of years ago did some calculations that the Black Sea has at its base, at its bottom, enormous quantities of methane, which could come out of solution.

And were this to happen, of course, methane is flammable.

It's the effect of the volcano itself.