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Nancy Joseph
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Jun 19, 2026
EP 55: Do Zebras Change Their Stripes?
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Jessica ThomasHOST
Dr. Nancy Joseph, professor of pathology at the University of California, San Francisco, explains why, even within the world of neuroendocrine cancer, that there are many different kinds of zebras.

Nancy JosephGUEST
I think we like to talk about zebras in the neuroendocrine world because neuroendocrine neoplasms are actually pretty rare and they're also heterogeneous.

Nancy JosephGUEST
Lots of people may have heard of like a neuroendocrine cancer, but that can mean many different things.

Nancy JosephGUEST
And so You know, in general, what they all share in common is expression of neuroendocrine markers like synaptophysin or chromogranin.

Nancy JosephGUEST
But some of these are epithelial neoplasms and others are more mesenchymal neoplasms.

Nancy JosephGUEST
And even within the epithelial group, some are, we like to call them tumors and others we like to call carcinomas.

Nancy JosephGUEST
So even though neuroendocrine cancer as a group may be starting to become better recognized, there's still many different flavors happening.

Jessica ThomasHOST
Dr. Joseph says one of the biggest questions researchers are now trying to answer is whether tumors can actually evolve from one type into another.