So Michael, what would you say are the key cyber and physical threats facing public power th- utilities these days, and how does APPA assist its members in proactively addressing these threats successfully?

Uh, that's a great question, Paul.

Well, we continue to see a range of threats, uh, across the energy sector coming from a bunch of different sources.

Some of them are ones that have been going on for quite some time, such as the theft of resources and equipment.

We continue to see a lot of copper thefts from substations and other, uh, utility infrastructure.

We continue to see threats for financial gain.

Oftentimes, this is in the form of ransomware, where activists, uh, hackers will attack a utility's website, or they will try to freeze IT systems, uh, until a ransom is paid.

So Mi- Michael, just wanted to switch gears here and talk about how APPA works with the federal government to assist its members, um, when it comes to bolstering, uh, their cyber and physical security, and could you provide, uh, specific examples?

Uh, first, can you explain what LiDAR is to our listeners, just generally speaking, and why it's, it's helped with advancements in the field?

LiDAR is, uh, uh, really laser a- assisted, uh, surveying from the air, shooting hundreds of thousands, even millions of, uh, laser beams from a, a, an aircraft of some sort.

Uh, either helicopter, which is what they've been using in Cambodia, or from, uh, uh, an actual light planes, or even from drones.

And, uh, of course, what this does is to, uh, what the result is, is a topographical image of what's actually on the ground.

It's used in areas that are heavily vegetated, like for instance, the Maya area, which has got a tall tropical forest over a great deal of it.

Uh, or even scrub forest, and it works wonderfully, uh, across the Pacific in Cambodia, which is also, uh, a heavily vegetated area.

So it shoots these beams down to the earth, and, uh, most of them are gonna bounce right back once they hit the leaves, uh, of these trees and shrubs or what have you.

I think that's s- you know.

How do we know Joseph would have read this book?

He did read it because it was, it was, uh, one of the most popular travel books ever published in the United States or anywhere else.

It was a wild hit, huge edition.

Everybody had copies of it.

And, uh, I have read, I hope it's true, that when Smith, uh, read, uh, this, which was the first really solid account of the Maya ruins, uh, by a marvelous writer and a wonderful artist, uh, that was accurate, uh, he said, "That's it.

Those are the Nephite cities." If the Nephite cities, you take the Nephite cities, were Maya, therefore classic Maya, because the civilization, pretty much, uh, classic civilization disintegrated by nine hundred AD, uh, you would have to say, what language did they speak? Were these people-- They, they would be one of those enclaves that you're talking about and, uh, these highly civilized people.

And every time you, you, you look at, say, the illustrations in the popular edition of the Book of Mormon, you see that's a Maya city because there are Maya temples, Maya pyramids, and people dressed as Mayas.

Mm-hmm.

As opposed to shoppers seeking

higher

Mike, what are you seeing in the options market?

Yeah, we're seeing some pretty big anticipated moves.

Whether it's going to be higher or lower, that of course still remains a bit of a question.

Right now the options market is implying that the one-day earnings-related move is going to be more than 8% and more than 9% by the end of next week after they report.

You know, the way I think you might want to think about trading this is buying some longer dated.

I was looking at the October 55 puts.