Talk us through that debate of does the president really manage those people or not?

Yeah, the Constitution says that the executive power shall be vested in the president, and there's a period at the end of that sentence.

Uh, the, the whole executive power, whatever it is, is vested by the Constitution in the president.

So the question is, when other people are aiding the president or exercising executive power, how much control does the president exercise over them? And at least with respect to Cabinet officers, the people at the heads of, of executive departments, Department of Defense and State and Treasury, and all those folks, very early on, Congress decided, in the first Congress in 1789, that those folks should be removable by the president.

And subsequently, most people read that debate as having settled the question that those principal officers in the executive branch that exercise executive power have to be removable by the president, and that's not just because of the text of the Constitution, but because the president's responsible for their actions.

Whatever the executive branch does, the president faces the political consequences.

And so if you want, uh, uh, the execution of the law to be responsible to the people, that needs to operate through the presidency.

But a- anything else on these cases about presidential removal authority or any of the other cases or the term that you wanna make sure to weigh in on for our audience before you have to go?

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Welcome, everyone.

We're gonna chat today about how we got the federal courts.

Uh, most people know there's a set of state courts in our country, actually 50 sets of them.

There's a federal court system that sits alongside of them, and everybody knows about the Supreme Court, but then there's a very large structure underneath.

And one of the questions I wanna answer in this lecture is for us to consider where in the world that structure came from.

It's quite a complex one.

Now back to C-SPAN's Lectures in History podcast.