So Liam, can you run us through the soil health pillar first?

Yes, Damian.

And again, before we get into the nitty-gritty of the soil health pillar itself, I'll give a little context as to what we're doing.

So up until now, within the industry, when talking about soil health, all we've ever spoke about is lime or pH and P & K.

But with soil health, there's a new reality dawning, and it's about overall soil health.

And overall soil health is a function of its chemical health, which is your pH, P and K, but it's also a function of its physical health, namely soil compaction, root mass, soil structure, and its biological health, which is the animal life and microbial life within the soil.

All three are, are interlinked, and all three are of equal importance.

What about the lime pillar?

So Eamon, it sounds like nitrogen, that's the key?

Yes, Damien, nitrogen in all its forms is key to grow grass, but we should only spread nitrogen when conditions are there for growth.

Otherwise, there's a big risk to water quality from nitrogen loss in the environment.

As we said earlier, most places have received rain, but if you haven't, or if there's places within your farm that are still brown and your grass is under severe stress, wait for the rain and then spread 15 to 20 kilos of nitrogen per hectare.

If your place is greening up after a bit of rain, you can apply 25 kilos of nitrogen per hectare.

And if your farm is growing away with normal enough growth rates for this time of the year, we should be looking at applying 25 to 30 kilos of nitrogen per hectare.

off

yet, but we need to be conscious of having enough grass on our farms for early next year.