So to get us started, John, can you explain how EAB spreads and what the early signs of infestation are?

Yeah, so there's two different types of spread.

We have human-assisted spread and we have the natural spread of the insect.

So for natural spread, emerald ash borer will often emerge from ash trees and reinfest the same tree or another tree nearby.

But a small proportion of the population will strike out longer distances.

And the average spread rate ends up being about one to two miles per year for natural spread.

The actual flight capacity of the insect, they can fly up to six miles in a day.

But John, can you share how successful these efforts have been so far? I know we've released three different species of non-stinging parasitoid wasps as biocontrol in Minnesota.