And obviously they had to run it at a profit as well, or they wouldn't be able to continue to operate.

It's worth adding that that was in a period of time where our trolley and passenger rail system were the greatest in the world.

We shouldn't forget that America has had, despite what we have now, It was a time in the not distant past, the not like, you know, our great grandparents would have remembered this time where we had the greatest, you know, trolley and rail system in the world.

A note I'd add about that Supreme Court decision, and I think we should get into, like, people instinctively are like, well, this infrastructure is good.

It's good for us to, like, how would the infrastructure get done? Or, like, it's good for us to have that.

And I think that's an important, it's important for us to talk about how that, the dynamic of federal funding and particularly debt financing has changed the way infrastructure works.

But I do want to say something about the Supreme Court of that era.

And there's a, I mean,

Um, h- how does, how does a, how does a business like Pioneer that has all of that knowledge, uh, really take it and, and continue to drive genetic gain?

Yeah.

It, it's a great, great question.

And so let me, let, l- let me ground the organization on, on a very simple philosophy first, and then I'm gonna answer your question.

So there's a little anecdote, but my, my dad, he was a soil scientist up at the University of Minnesota, and he, um, he had three children, and all of us ended up getting, uh, a degree in plant genetics, and he was really disappointed in all of us, right? He was like, "What don't you understand? It's below ground that works." He said, "But, but let, let me, let me, let me tell you one, one...

You know, g- let me give you a piece of advice to all three of you." And he said, "You know, you can never trust a pale plant breeder." And what he meant by that was a plant breeder who doesn't go to the field doesn't really know what the problem is that he has out there.

And so part of the commitment of our structure and our design is that we're always gonna be locally based and have breeders out in the field to make local selections to go do that.

Yeah.

[laughs]

So then I got a bit interested in maybe having a go at playing.

Um, practiced hard, worked hard through sort of mid-'94 through to the end of '94, where they had what was called a Tour School.

So even if you're a qualified PGA professional, meaning you've done your traineeship, it didn't mean that you could automatically enter into the major tournaments around the country.

You had to go to Tour School, which a lot of other elite amateurs did as well.

Uh, and from memory, in those days there was two stages.

There was a 36-hole first stage, and then let's say there was a couple hundred guys go to that.

So [laughs] did you have a moment where you went, "Okay, I might just, I might not be the, the player, but I can certainly have a, a, an impact in the game as a, as a management person"?

so jeff i'm wondering in schools are you seeing kids really struggle with one uh i guess like schools not being as dopamine hit as a video game or social media you know it's it's boring do kids really struggle with that and today's age compared to maybe like when back when we were kids

See, so that's another area where like when we were kids, if you take the phones away, if the expectation is that you are not walking into school with this phone, kids are going to have a blast.

And I think if there is a failure that is leading to kids being bored, it's simply the structure of the school day and the expectations of the school district.

And, um, you know, what kids need to be learning at a certain age.

I'm of the camp, as a school counselor especially, that says, as elementary students, I think that we need to be working so much more on social-emotional development than we do testing scores, than we do making sure that they understand science at a certain way at a certain age.

I think that especially boys, it's really important that we're taking a look at boys right now because in so many ways, boys in education, especially early education are treated like they're treated like defective girls.

And when ADHD shows up, especially in boys, it is the hyperactive variety and So much of the time in my counselor lessons, I'll let them know if you guys need to stand up, you guys need to walk to the back of the room, go walk to the back of the room.

praise, dare I say? I don't know if that's kind of the correct term, but how do you know that this kiddo is really struggling? What does that look like?