So what are the key dynamics that you observed? What are the key mechanisms, evolutionary mechanisms that you observed?

So once you have this idea of carrying capacity, there's a whole bunch of sort of evolutionary stuff that follows from it.

One possibility is that you have competition.

And so, you know, I described that already the way in which as carrying capacity gets filled, basically different lineages are having to compete with one another, especially new lineages for ways of being.

And so that has certain effects on the birth and death rates, where the birth rate falls, the death rate rises, they eventually converge.

Another possibility that actually is legible from the carrying capacity perspective is mass extinction.

So in this situation, basically some exogenous factor, you know, congressional hearings about metal music, Tipper Gore, or, uh, asteroid crashing into the earth depending upon your favorite case leads to a massive spike in death rates as a whole bunch of lineages are wiped out and then a subsequent rise in birth rates because now you know if again you think from that carrying capacity perspective we've gone from being like maybe close to filling the carrying capacity to now there's a lot of unfilled carrying capacity so birth rates can go way up to essentially repopulate this devastated landscape There's the possibility of innovation.

Could you say a little bit about what he means by that? What you think is interesting there?