Back then, tell me what your perception of the toolkit or approaches were, the how, and how that changed with the first volume guarantee.

So at the time, in HIV, where Chai was doing a lot of really important negotiation and brokering work to really maximize impact, we had built a procurement consortium to improve treatment coverage as quickly as possible.

You know, we had all seen on TV images of people suffering from AIDS.

We had seen pharmaceutical companies mobilize to develop highly effective treatments.

And yet most of the disease burden was in Africa.

And those treatments in the early days were not getting to Africa at all.

So there's a really stark access gap.

That was the first big use of volume guarantees in global health to massively reduce the price of a product and enable access, if I recall.