Actually, just as a sort of a baseline data point, though, I'm curious, do you have any sense, is there any data, and we'll talk about data and finish like a bit maybe later on in the conversation, but do we have a broad sense of where it is Turkmen nationals tend to be heading as labor migrants? Are we talking about Russia and Turkey or is it a much broader picture than that?

Yes.

So in the case of Turkmenistan, it's not Russia, it's mostly Turkey.

And there are two main reasons.

One, until recently, until 2022, I believe, Turkmenistan and Turkey used to have free visa regime, meaning Turkmen citizens could just grab their passports and flying to Turkey.

But after 2022, Turkmen President Serdar Berdimuhamedov requested the Turkish president, Recep Tayyip Erdogan, to cancel the visa-free regime, which made it now, even if you want to go into Turkey for tourism, it doesn't matter, you have to get a visa, and only after that you can go.

However, up to 2022, it was a free visa regime That's why a lot of Turkmens would simply go to Turkey, either overstay their visas or try to get a legal permanent or temporary residencies.

So could you perhaps describe a few of the ways that the government stops people from leaving the country? How does system works in practice?