But

we know all the things to do, how to tickle these cells.

We have, for example, high caloric food.

That's when they release some rewarding substances.

You know, we have music.

We have climbing up a very steep hill and then reaching the top and feeling so good about it.

There's very different ways.

What do you think about that?

How do we rebuild our gut after a dose of antibiotics?

People in different life stages are more susceptible to the, like, disadvantages, changes antibiotics induce.

So we see especially small kids and, um, seniors, um, in studies that they have a harder time going back to their microbiome after a round ant- of antibiotics.

Then we have all the adults in the middle area of this.

For them it's like 50/50.

Some of them will actually go back quite well and others will never replenish the microbes they've lost.

And some of them might have been even, like, some nice family in- inheritance pieces, so to say, that they will not get back and that used to protect them of certain diseases or things before.

Go deeper on that.

Um, but what is the, the function or the purpose of sleep?

Well, there's debates on the different, um, phases of sleep.

So if we have-- If we talk about deep sleep, which occurs, um, to a greater extent in the first half of the night-Then this is really to restore ourselves, to repair damage that was made, to prepare ourselves for the demands of the next day, for example.

Most of our immune cells are being produced in this phase because also it's logistically clever to do so.

Our body cells make significantly less mistakes because they're also not disturbed the whole time, you know, by someone eating, running, watching something, you know, things that change all these, um, rhythms and processes around the cells.

No.

Now they have this quiet time where everything can just be regulated super harmoniously.

How do you think our brains might evolve in, in towards the future?

What happens? W- what are you describing, and why does that happen?

There's certainly the time when it just has an inflammatory reaction towards something in a wound, for exa- example.

That's usually good, but even there it can sometimes go overboard a bit.

Like when everything's already done and you're healing up, sometimes it overcompensates.

But then you have it also in things like allergies or autoimmune disease, and when I hear people say these things like, oh, promote supplements and, um, like everything's just targeted for having a stronger and stronger and stronger immune system, I say, "Oh, I think you don't have the wh- whole picture," because it's really not about just having the strongest army on the planet, but it's about having a balanced one.

If you had, like, security personnel around you and they were stoked up all the time, almost like on cocaine, be super aggressive and super strong, then this might lead to some risky situation.

You really want them well-balanced and really analyzing the situation well before they overreact.

And then I guess more interestingly, what can people do to manage their stress better in a way that could help to, like, balance my immune system, you know, reduce a little bit those bodyguards going wild, but or equally well I don't want them to just, like, go off on holiday and leave me un- unprotected.

So can, can you dive into that?

I think the aspect that I like about the whole breathing topic is that, well, many people already know that it's kind of good to do breathing exercises and-- or have, you know, had some yoga instructor telling them six seconds of breathing in and then eight seconds of breathing out or something.

But the part that's fascinating to me is how easy it can be explained, and I always like that so much when I don't just get a to-do thing, but I also really understand it.

So when the heart actually gets a fresh load of oxygenated blood because we've just breathed in, then it will be in a bit more of a hectic mode.

So it'll pump a bit faster, and that makes the heart a bit less relaxed.

So if we breathe out, then it has a more of a relaxed time.

It has an easier job you could say.

How does that fit into this conversation?

Soy Jorge y me preguntaba por qué cada vez más oímos hablar de enfermedades autoinmunes.

Um, there's different reason for autoimmune diseases, um, and I want to clarify one aspect that I have found to be very important in my own practice with patients in the hospital.

Um, a few, uh, years ago, I had a patient, and she had, um, EHEC infection, so with a dangerous E. coli.

And a few years later then, she came back to the hospital, and we diagnosed her a chronic inflammatory bowel disease for the first time.

And I know I didn't have so much time when I told her in the morning, so I felt a little bit bad, and I went back to her in the afternoon, and I could tell she was really sad.

And, um, she said, "Oh, I have such bad luck.

First this infection, now I have this.

¿Por qué a veces, eh, sentimos una cosa y luego hacemos otra? ¿Qué papel tiene el cerebro en esto?