So for those who are not familiar, can you explain to the listeners what these trauma-informed ethics consultations are and how were you able to apply this in practice during your clinical ethics work? And then I guess after you answered that, a secondary question is how did it impact the resolution of the ethics case that you previously alluded to?

Yeah, so I'll first do some definitional work and then can get into clinical ethics in particular.

So trauma-informed care, and I think many listeners may be familiar with it because I think it is increasingly adopted into various domains of healthcare, but also other settings, schools and policing and yoga teacher training, lots of ways in which I think people are increasingly becoming aware of trauma-informed care and becoming trauma-informed.

So trauma-informed care is a framework that recognizes that trauma is common and impactful.

So it seeks to lessen the impact of trauma and reduce retraumatization by applying trauma-informed principles to service delivery, to policies, and to practices across an organization or institution.

So a couple additional things to say about that, like trauma for the purposes of trauma-informed care is usually taken as a very broad concept about people's subjective experience of an event, an experience, or an environment that causes lasting adverse impact and disrupts coping mechanisms, right? And it can be something that...

is experienced by individuals, but also groups or collectives.

We also wanted to speak about an article you wrote in the AMA Journal of Ethics last year, citing some concerns about data collection of social determinants of health for EHRs and how this could potentially also have the effect of re-traumatising patients, especially if you're collecting information about adverse childhood events, etc., So can you expand about why health systems are collecting this data? You know, from an ethical standpoint, what are your concerns? And how, if we have to collect this data, what's your advice about doing this well, being mindful of potential unintended harm to patients?