But how does modern information warfare, especially through digital platforms and automated networks, differ from earlier forms, and why does that distinction matter legally?

Yes.

Thank you so much.

So I think you've made a very important point.

Information warfare, this kind of very broad term, that actually has existed for, for, for many years.

Uh, and then even when we look back at ancient, in ancient times, the combination of, for example, sometimes clear military means and other non-military measures to, to implement geostrategic interests has characterized the world or world politics for years, and this is very important, even for decades or m- even hundreds for years.

So I think before we answer the question about, um, election interference and new technologies, we need to s- probably need to take a step back and say, well, this has, has existed for, for, for many, many years, that states not only refer to military means to, to implement, as I said, or enforce their geostrategic interests, but also to non-military means which are also equally important.

So, uh, my first question to Ms. Pippen is, for someone outside the legal world, would you be able to explain about what exactly attribution is, and why is attribution so central to how international law works in, uh, cyber conflict?