You know, why were Gallipoli and Kutalamara kind of, why were they failures? What was it about the lack of British intelligence in those places that motivated the creation of the Bureau?

Yeah, it's interesting, isn't it? You know, what do we know, you know, 100 years plus after the end of the First World War, you know, you look at the history books, and it's always the Great War 1914 to 1918.

And we all know that those are the dates, but...

If you're sitting in London, or indeed in Delhi, or anywhere else in the world, come Christmas 1914, you don't know what the end date is.

By the summer of 1915, things aren't going very well.

By the spring of 1916, they're going even worse for Britain and its allies.

There's no sense of, oh, if we can just get through the next two years, we're going to win because we've got some sort of magical crystal ball.

But kind of how do you see maybe the interplay between the Arab Bureau and kind of British war aims with this kind of rise of Arab nationalism?