He teaches law and directs the Center for Health Law Policy and Bioethics at the University of San Diego.

A couple, an older man and a younger woman, sought help from a doctor called William Pancoast in conceiving.

Uh, they had struggled to get pregnant.

They went to him, he was well-known in his practice in Philadelphia, and asked for help.

What could he do for them, and help them have the child that they, that they wanted? And so Dr.

Pancoast called in the wife under the guise of a, you know, routine follow-up appointment after meeting with the husband and wife previously.

It turned out that, that it was the man who had a, an STD that made it difficult for his sperm to result in a pregnancy.

[Instrumental music] Dov Fox says that even apart from the difficulty in showing that any tangible harm has been caused, there's this historical idea in United States courts that if a child is the end result of any action, it can't be a harm.