So, Doris, what happened? How did this change? How did a simple act of saying, look, if this guy's in jail, can you hold him for me for a couple days? Why are these detainers and other things like that becoming so controversial these days?

Well, I think there are a number of reasons.

The first reasons probably date back to 1996, which is when the Congress enacted a new sweeping immigration enforcement law set of laws that had with it a whole different range of measures.

Among them, the authority for the federal government to delegate immigration enforcement authority to state and local officials.

Those are what's called 287 agreements.

Another thing that changed and really the biggest thing that changed is 9-11 and the creation of the Department of Homeland Security.

which, among other things, broke up the INS that had all of these functions within one agency and divided immigration enforcement into three different agencies, all within the Department of Homeland Security, but each one of them focused on its own mission, Customs and Border Protection, where the border enforcement was concerned, ICE, Immigration and Customs Enforcement, for interior enforcement, and then USCIS, the United States Citizenship and Immigration Services, which is to facilitate legal immigration processes.

But, you know, the rise of the sanctuary city or a sanctuary designation, what do you think, based on your expertise, is the strongest argument for a sanctuary or a quote-unquote welcoming city for immigration policy?

Doris, is that an accurate description of who is arriving at the US southern border, and are there other countries for them to go to to seek asylum?

Well, they're a mixed population, and that's what makes it very difficult.

If they were one thing, then it would be quite easy to decide what, how to process.

But these people coming during this period of time, uh, have all kinds of claims or non-claims, and so the difficulty is for the government to disaggregate and decide, uh, wh- who legitimately is an asylum seeker, who legitimately might have a reason for entering, and who should be turned back.

So it, it, you know, this is painting with a very, very broad brush.

Mm.

6,000 Syrians.

This decision allows the administration to withdraw temporary protected status from remaining 13 countries.

What's been different here in this case under Alien Enemies that the government, the Trump administration has done it without the normal process, in fact, with no due process?

process?Well, the Alien Enemies Act i- has been used only three times before in our history.

Last time, uh, during World War II and it's been a wartime power.

And it is curious because the immigration laws are strict and sweeping, uh, where deportation is concerned.

In other words, there is plenty of authority under the established immigration law, as we call it the INA, the Immigration and the Na- and Nationality Act, uh, for deporting people.

And for so many parts of our immigration system, as we know, things have not been updated, there has not been legislation.

But in the case of deportation, the Congress spoke in 1996, it's one of the most recent efforts that the Congress has made to legislate and really, um, eh, created a far more muscular deportation system.

removed.Doris, what efforts has the U.S. government made in the past to get people back to the U.S. after a wrongful deportation?