With all these things in mind, uh, what is the current situation in Europe? Are we seeing more mosquitoes? Are we seeing more people being infected, or are we seeing both?

So to answer, so this question, I think it's important first to understand some concepts.

So let's start with dengue and chikungunya.

Most of the case are imported or what we call travel related, and we have very few secondary transmission when the environmental condition are suitable for the virus, uh, transmission.

So let's take myself, uh, as an example.

So I grew up in the south of France, so let's say that currently I'm living in the south of France, where Aedes albopictus is present.

It's the summer holidays, and I'm going to Thailand for a couple of weeks.

And what are the most effective actions that people can take to protect themselves and their families from mosquito-borne diseases?

Would it be accurate to say that the geography, the overall geography of infectious diseases in Europe is changing because of climate change?

change?Yes, I think this is accurate, although the mechanism are not the same for all diseases.

For some, such as dengue and chikungunya, climate change is helping the vectors, like the Asian tiger mosquito that is also called Aedes albopictus, to establish in more parts of Europe.

Uh, over the past decade, it has spread further north, and it is now established in 16 European countries.

If we compare with 12 years ago, the same mosquito was established in eight European countries.

For other diseases such as West Nile virus infection or tick-borne encephalitis, the issue is less about the vector moving geographically and more about climating condition, uh, becoming more favorable for transmission.

So indeed, climate change is changing the geography of infectious disease risk, but not always in the same way.

With that in mind, which infectious diseases are of concern as Europe continues to warm?