I'm wondering, what did he see early on that the rest of the field had clearly missed?

Yeah, it's a really fascinating story.

So he was collaborating with a researcher at Columbia University earlier in his career.

And this particular researcher made the first fully biologically active radioactive form of insulin, not as a diabetes experiment, but as a chemistry experiment to see if he could put a radio label on an insulin molecule and have the insulin still work like insulin in the body of a rat.

And so he published this paper where he showed for the very first time, and this is quite some time ago, that when he injected insulin with this tracer on it peripherally into a group of rats, laboratory rats, then they sectioned the animals and they looked for the traces of this radioactive material.

And to his and everyone else's surprise, they could find the insulin everywhere in the body of these animals except their liver.

So why is that important? Well, the liver is the most important organ in the entire body, whether you're a lab rat or a human being, because the liver can do two things that no other part of the body can do.

I hope he didn't cause you to get diabetes.

I mean, is HDV insulin is different in some way that that's not an issue?

Yeah.

So, I mean, Lilly really was at the vanguard of making what is called hepato or liver preferential forms of insulin.

And as you say, David, they were very successful in demonstrating improved HbA1c levels and reductions in hypoglycemia because they were able, with their chemistry, to put more insulin in the liver, which is exactly what diastole does with the HDV system.

The difference between HDV and the PEG-Lyspro system is really in the chemistry of the liver targeting system itself.

So the Lilly system used a form of insulin that was put together with polyethylene glycol molecules, so-called PEG technology.

And PEG has been used and continues to be used in a wide range of pharmaceutical applications because polyethylene glycol will increase the circulatory time of a drug molecule in the blood.

Why is the maintenance period more important? And where is the right window for actually assessing