Is there any known disorder or disease in which these particular neurons are affected? And what is the outcome of this disease?

Yes, at the behavioral level, that's very well known.

And it correlates with these brain areas where these neurons are located.

So, for instance, in our human brain, many of us think that the posterior parietal cortex has a very specific meaning, that in this area, the neurons are extracting what a numerical quantity really means.

So the semantic of a numerical quantity.

If this area is lesioned by some, I don't know, an infarct or some insult that the brain experiences, people may lose a capability to deal with numbers or to count in a certain range.

There are some very interesting reports of patients.

What does