In the second, it crosses zero The distinction he draws from that pair is the practical heart of this episode

I want to drill down now into some of the details, the nuts and bolts, the basic sort of furniture of a, a clinical trial home, and look at some of the concepts that you'll come across if you engage with statisticians.

Maybe de- de- debunk some common myths about clinical trials and, and the various terms that you'll hear, and go through the process that we typically go through as statisticians.

So one of the terms that you'll come across most frequently, perhaps the most frequently used term in all of clinical trials, is the p-value, and much has been said about the p-value by many people over many decades, and not all of it is true.

So let's try and dig our way through, through what a p-value is and isn't and get to what it actually means.

The way I define a p-value is a p-value is the probability of seeing what I've seen in my sample if indeed there's no effect of interest in the population.

So usually what we do is we say, "Okay, I'm gonna assume before I start what I call a null hypothesis, that the drug doesn't do anything, that the two arms are identical.

We finish with his key take home messages and with a question from the floor about where regulators may be heading next.