yellow fever

Today, we are going to walk through these cemeteries and gardens of New Orleans.

We're going to talk about yellow fever.

We're going to talk about jazz.

We're going to talk about Marie Laveau.

Over time, heat and natural decomposition would reduce the remains, and after a period of time often described as a year and a day, the remains could be moved deeper into the vault, making room for future generations, which is practical and efficient, which is to be expected from a system developed by people who understood that death was not a rare visitor, but an ordinary part of life.

And my dear listener, in 19th century New Orleans, death visited, and it visited often.

There is one force that shaped New Orleans' relationship with death more than any other, and that was yellow fever.

Today, we know that yellow fever is carried by mosquitoes.

... good, good s- good stuff.

[laughs] Um, well, the first paper I grabbed is from The Lancet, Immunogenicity of fractional one-fifth and one-half doses of 17DD yellow fever vaccine compared with full dose in children aged 9 to 23 months in Uganda: a phase 4, single-blind, randomized clinical trial.

So as you can tell from the title, the authors here looked at one-fifth, so .1 ml, and one-half, .25 ml, fractional doses compared with full doses of the yellow fever vaccine in children.

This was at three public health facilities in Kampala, Uganda.

The children were enrolled in sort of three age groups, 9 to 12 months, 13 to 18, 19 to 23, and then were assigned one to one to one to the regular versus one-fifth and one-half dose.

Um, they ultimately randomized about 600 children in each group and found that both fractional doses of the yellow fever vaccine were non-inferior to full doses inducing that initial seroconversion at around four weeks post-vaccine, um, and that high titers of the neutralizing antibodies were sustained for a large percentage.

Um, and really this was meant to sort of support, um, the use of the fractional doses in the setting of outbreak responses when there are supply shortages like, um, has been done in prior years.

They did note that the non-inferiority was not achieved or, uh, uh, persisted to the one-year post-vaccination.

Colonialism frequently relies upon plague to accomplish its objectives.

And from the yellow fever to HIV to COVID, New York is fluent in the business of getting people sick for profit.

If that wasn't enough, by 1998, gentrification saw the opportunity to pave over this history for good and establish the Hudson River Park.

Amidst the cozy grasses, dog parks, overpriced cafes, and children's playgrounds, to this day there is still no commemoration for these deviants who endured centuries of all-out assault.

I could just sit and talk to you all about the miracles that have happened in regards to Paige leaving on her mission.

But one of the things that she had on this checklist, in order to go to Brazil, you have to have the yellow fever vaccine.

Um, due to her other vaccines as a child, a young, a baby and a toddler, she had all of her other vaccines, but the one she was missing was the yellow fever.

So we began the process of trying to find out, okay, who offers yellow fever? Where do we get it? And where we live, up in the Portland, Oregon area, um, there are travel immunization clinics that offer it.

And so I had called to check in, like, okay, 'cause she works during the day, and she's busy, and I thought, "I'll find out about these travel clinics and how much they cost." So I called one of the travel clinics in Portland to say, "How much is a yellow fever?" And they told me that the cost was, like, I think $581 is what they said for just one shot.

I was really shocked.

I told Paige, um, I text her at work and told her, "It is gonna be a lot of money to get this one shot." Then, um, I called mission, uh, the mission department to ask them, because I had read in her notes, and she had done it too.

In total, it would be about $240 at the MTC in Provo, and then she would need to pay for that out of her pocket.

Yeah, John's on the money.

Wofford, Pedro, Sean, Chunky Music, Startup Break, The Broken, Schofield, Marlon Cherry, Pour Over Radio Tunes, Yellow Fever, Dreamin', and Lo-Fi.

Trinary System with Roger Miller.

Not that one, but the other one.

The next morning he ate a hearty breakfast, and went to his work with the feeling that oft from apparent ills our blessings rise.

the captain kept sober during the next five days owing it was believed by noddy to the influence of his daughter who had the courage to speak the truth to him shortly after the departure of the roebuck it had been ascertained that from some impurity in the casks the water on board was not fit for use and the captain decided to put into barbadoes and procure a fresh supply When the schooner took a pilot, on the twelfth day out, it was found that the yellow fever was making terrible ravages in the island.

But the water was so bad on board that the captain decided to go into port, and remain long enough to procure new casks and a supply of water.

If he had been entirely sober, he would undoubtedly have turned his bow at once from the infected island.

the roebuck came to anchor and the captain regardless of his own safety went on shore to transact the business the casks were purchased but it was impossible to get them on board before the next morning and the vessel was compelled to remain at anchor over night the weather was excessively hot in the afternoon but towards night a cool breeze came in from the sea which was very refreshing and noddy and mollie were on deck enjoying its invigorating breath the boat in which the captain had just returned lay at the accommodation ladder the confinement of twelve days on board the vessel had been rather irksome and both of the young people would have been delighted to take a run on shore but the terrible sickness there rendered such a luxury impossible they observed with interest everything that could be seen from the deck especially the verdure crowned hills and the valleys green with the rich vegetation of the country if they could not go on shore they could at least move about a little in the boat which would be some relief from the monotony of their confined home they got into the boat with a warning from mr watts not to go far from the schooner and not to approach any other vessel which might have the yellow fever on board Noddy sculled about on the smooth water for a time, till it was nearly dark, and Molly thought it was time to return on board.

As she spoke, she went forward and stood up in the bow of the boat, ready to step upon the accommodation ladder.

"'Noddy, do you see these great fishes in the water?' asked she.

You and I shall be friends to the last day of my life.' "'Thank you, sir.' replied the heroic boy as he took the preferred hand i did the best i could but i was so scared i was afraid the shark would catch her in spite of me god bless you noddy but come on board and we will talk it over captain mcclintock handed Molly, still dripping with water, to Mr. Watts, who had been an interested spectator of the touching scene in the boat, and she was borne to the cabin amid the congratulations of the crew with whom she was a great favorite.

I stayed in Jamaica eight months out of the year 1853, still remembered in the island for its suffering and gloom.

I returned just in time to find my services, with many others, needful, for the yellow fever never made a more determined effort to exterminate the English in Jamaica than it did in that dreadful year.

So violent was the epidemic that some of my people fell victims to its fury, a thing rarely heard of before.

My house was full of sufferers, officers, their wives and children.

But all the way to England from Navy Bay, I was turning my old wish over and over in my mind.

And when I found myself in London in the autumn of 1854, just after the Battle of Alma had been fought, and my old friends were fairly before the walls of Sebastopol, how to join them there took up far more of my thoughts than that visionary gold-mining speculation on the River Parmilla, which seemed so feasible to us in New Granada, but was considered so wild and unprofitable a speculation in London.

And as time wore on, the inclination to join my old friends of the 97th, 48th, and other regiments, battling with worse foes than yellow fever or cholera, took such exclusive possession of my mind that I threw over the gold speculation altogether and devoted all my energies to my new scheme.

Heaven knows it was visionary enough.

Cholera kills its thousands, plagues in its bad years its hundreds of thousands.

Yellow fever, hookworm disease, pneumonia, tuberculosis are all terribly destructive, some only in the tropics, others in more temperate regions.

But malaria is today, as it ever was, a disease to which the word pandemic is especially applicable.

In this country and in Europe, its ravages have lessened enormously during the past century, but in the tropics it is everywhere and always present, the greatest single foe of the white man, and at times and places it assumes the proportions of a terrible epidemic.

The deaths have fallen from above 28,000 in 1888 to below 2,000 in 1910.

There is needed a stirring campaign against the disease throughout the southern states of this country.

The story of yellow fever illustrates one of the greatest practical triumphs of scientific medicine.

Indeed, in view of its far-reaching commercial consequences, it may range as one of the first achievements of the race.

I stayed in Jamaica eight months out of the year eighteen fifty-three, still remembered in the island for its suffering and gloom.

I returned just in time to find my services, with many others, needful, for the yellow fever never made a more determined effort to exterminate the English in Jamaica than it did in that dreadful year.

So violent was the epidemic that some of my people fell victims to its fury, a thing rarely heard of before.

My house was full of sufferers, officers, their wives and children.

But all the way to England from Navy Bay, I was turning my old wish over and over in my mind.

And when I found myself in London in the autumn of 1854, just after the Battle of Alma had been fought, and my old friends were fairly before the walls of Sebastopol, how to join them there took up far more of my thoughts than that visionary gold-mining speculation on the River Parmilla, which seemed so feasible to us in New Granada, but was considered so wild and unprofitable a speculation in London.

And as time wore on, the inclination to join my old friends of the 97th, 48th, and other regiments, battling with worse foes than yellow fever or cholera, took such exclusive possession of my mind that I threw over the gold speculation altogether and devoted all my energies to my new scheme.

Heaven knows it was visionary enough.

the neighbor hurried away dr mcdonald was summoned and then dr kemp later dr brown and then dr breckel were sent for and made their appearance in the entire court there is not a house that did not contain one or more sick persons in some of the houses one escaped in others there was only one that was sick but every house had need of the doctors and to every house the doctors went the dawn was beginning to show in the east when dr macdonald found his last patient doing well enough to be left for a time and started for home to obtain a few hours of much-needed rest as he closed the door of number thirteen he saw dr kemp coming out of number two and stopped to speak with him they were joined presently by dr breckle and as they stood there talking they were gradually joined by the other doctors who had been summoned after comparing notes as to the condition of the various patients and agreeing that the worst was over and the patients all likely to get well there was a pause in the conversation which was broken by dr breckle who asked the question all had been wishing yet hesitating to propound well what do you fellows make of this affair anyway clear case of poisoning of some sort remarked dr kemp but how and what demanded dr macdonald do you know of any poison that turns one man yellow and throws him into a high fever while gives another man terrible cramps in his stomach and bathes him in perspiration locks the jaws of a third and gives him fearful spasms and convulsions if you can tell me what poison will do that i will be your debtor gentlemen said dr macleod the oldest of them all i have practised in various parts of this and other countries have had experience with epidemics and with poisons and i am more puzzled than ever before i confess to a belief in the poisoning theory but i can find no poison to account for the symptoms of the four patients who have been my particular charge If I did not know it to be improbable and almost impossible, I would be willing to swear that, of the four patients, one is afflicted with yellow fever, another with cholera, a third with tetanus, and the fourth with smallpox, in its first stages.

It is a mystery to me.

A young doctor who had not before spoken here remarked, I have had experience with Yellow Jack in Memphis, and it seemed to me that one of my patients had it, and had it bad.

But the rapid recovery is what stumps me.

He is almost well now.

So after a thoughtful silence, they separated and went to their homes.

Later in the day, the doctors returned to the court.

and all the patients were found to be doing well if physicians had not been so promptly summoned it seemed probable that several would have died but as it was they all made a good recovery and only one or two were confined to their beds after the first day these two were women and had been badly frightened the doctors carefully questioned all the patients and compared notes afterwards but nothing essential was elicited the water supply was the same as the entire city had the families dealt with different tradesmen and there was no one item of diet that had been indulged in by all the families in the court the doctors were as much in the dark at the end of their investigations as at the beginning a year went by one day a doctor who had been working with great success among the yellow fever patients at santiago de cuba after the surrender using remedies of his own returned to the city wherein dudley court is situated for a rest calling upon his old friends in the profession he found himself one evening seated in the study of dr mcleod in company with the young doctor from the south and giving them the history of his cuban campaign that form of treatment for yellow jack is your own isn't it inquired the young doctor interestedly or did you