William Stewart Halsted

And his work with Cushing perfectly synthesizes his ultimate legacy.

We often refer to the modern philosophy of safe physiological surgery as the Halstedian ethos, named after William Halsted of Johns Hopkins.

Right.

But Halsted was heavily inspired by watching Kocher.

They helped me workshop names, so it was really fun for them to be a part of it.

Um, and then the second half of the book, I wrote for the surgeon who feels like they're like a black sheep, and they don't fit into this culture, which was created by a white guy who was on cocaine and morphine and, you know, William Halsted-

Yeah

... was kind of the father of the training program, and it's made for white men who have wives at home.

The culture has changed, and very frankly, you know it as well as I know, the culture of surgery has changed so much over the course of past century.

As an example, if you look at Dr. Halsted's model for surgery, which was a pyramidal model, and coming from that to ACGME's core competencies to fast-forward now EPAs, I think the culture of surgery has changed.

So definitely we've seen the same at Penn State as well.

And I think one of my, [chuckles] one of my mentors said to me something long time ago which stuck with me, and he said that, "You know, I can train surgeons how to be competent, how to do complicated operations.