William Petty

We see then that labour is not the only source of material wealth, of use values produced by labour.

As William Petty puts it, labour is its father and the earth its mother.

Let us now pass from the commodity considered as a use value to the value of commodities.

By our assumption, the coat is worth twice as much as the linen.

and in the second place we should be stating that butyric acid also consists of c four h eight o two therefore by thus equating the two substances expression would be given to their chemical composition while their different physical forms would be neglected if we say that as values commodities are mere congelations of human labour we reduce them by our analysis it is true to the abstraction value but we ascribe to this value no form apart from their bodily form it is otherwise in the value relation of one commodity to another here the one stands forth in its character of value by reason of its relation to the other by making the coat the equivalent of the linen we equate the labour embodied in the former to that in the latter now it is true that the tailoring which makes the coat is concrete labour of a different sort from the weaving which makes the linen But the act of equating it to the weaving reduces the tailoring to that which is really equal in the two kinds of labour, to their common character of human labour.

In this roundabout way, then, the fact is expressed that weaving also, insofar as it weaves value, has nothing to distinguish it from tailoring, and consequently is abstract human labour.

it is the expression of equivalence between different sorts of commodities that alone brings into relief the specific character of value creating labour and this it does by actually reducing the different varieties of labour embodied in the different kinds of commodities to their common quality of human labour in the abstract footnote the celebrated franklin one of the first economists after william petty who saw through the nature of value says trade in general being nothing else but the exchange of labor for labor the value of all things is most justly measured by labor the works of franklin etc edited by sparks boston eighteen thirty six volume two franklin is unconscious that by estimating the value of everything in labour he makes abstraction from any difference in the sorts of labour exchanged and thus reduces them all to equal human labour But although ignorant of this, yet he says it.

He speaks first of, quote, the one labour, end quote, then of, quote, the other labour, end quote, and finally of, quote, labour, quote, without further qualification, as the substance of the value of everything.

Certainly, the devastation inflicted on Ireland was massive.

With the best estimate provided by William Petty, the father of English demography, Petty estimated that 112 Pathlix were killed through plague, war, and famine, giving an estimated total of 61,000 out of a pre-war population of about one and a half million.

Although Petty's figures are the best available, they are still acknowledged as tentative.

they do not include an estimated 40 000 then into exile some of whom served as soldiers in european continental armies while others were sold as indentured servants to new england and the west indies many of those sold to landowners in new england eventually prospered but many sold to landowners in the west indies were worked to death These estimates indicate that England suffered a 4% loss of population, Scotland a loss of 6%, while Ireland suffered a loss of 41% of its population.

Similarly, it is a tautology to say that matter in its natural state has no exchange value because it does not contain any labor, and that exchange value as such does not contain matter.

But when William Petty calls, quote, labor the father and earth the mother of wealth, end quote, or when Bishop Berkeley asks, quote, whether the four elements and man's labor therein be not the true source of wealth, end quote.

Footnote.

Berkeley, The Queerest, London 1750.

Capital in General, Book 1, Chapter 1, Part 2.

Notes on the History of the Theory of Commodities.

The analysis of commodities according to their twofold aspect of use value and exchange value by which the former is reduced to work or deliberate productive activity and the latter to labor time or homogenous social labor is the result of a century and a half of critical study by the classical school of political economy which dates from William Petty in England and Bois-Guibelt in France and closes with Ricardo in the former country and Sismondi in the latter.

Footnote.

So you asked for the Irish numbers.

You have William Petty's 1672 survey, and it's estimated from 1641 to 1652, 504,000, which would be equivalent to nearly 120 million Americans today.

That's insane.

So a fourth of the population?

So basically, the surplus approach goes back even before Adam Smith, David Ricardo and Karl Marx goes back.

in the 17th century to William Petty, you know, working for Richard Cromwell in trying to take over Ireland and as the spoils of war, he needed to count stuff.

That's one of these notions of, you know, circular flow have been with us for almost 400 years.

And I think Petty himself coined the term political arithmetic of production distribution and so forth.

It was in this vein that the modern Illuminati began, when Adam Weishaupt, under the apparent indirect influence of the Order of the Garter, infiltrated the Masonic Lodges of France starting on May 1, 1776.

According to Coleman, "...the French Revolution was organized and run out of England by Jeremy Bentham and William Petty, the Earl of Shelburne, by means of the secret Quator Coronati Lodge in London and the Nine Sister Lodge in Paris." Christians have heard that the Illuminati had certain outward goals, among which were the abolition of oligarchies and governments, the destruction of major religions, and the elimination of the family unit, patriotism, and private ownership, along with a parallel introduction of communal education for children.

What has perhaps not been realized, however, is that the real agenda of the Illuminati appears not to have been to introduce total societal chaos, as is so commonly believed.

Rather, it was to eliminate and subdue all the British monarchy's potential competition

Watkins never mentions a musket at all, which leaves three versions of who hit her and when, and all three have her beaten before anyone tried to save her.

At about 9 in the morning, William Petty, who taught anatomy at the university, arrived with Thomas Willis of Christ Church.

She was still rattling, lying stretched in the coffin in a cold room in the middle of December.

Two more physicians, Bathurst and Clark, came in soon after, and Watkins set down what they did next almost hour by hour, like a case note.

Um, they are not that angry The Down Survey was the first ever detailed land survey on a national scale.

It was undertaken by William Petty in the 1650s, and was of a what country? The main purpose of the survey was to provide seized lands to Cromwellian soldiers.

So, I mean, Cromwell was a nightmare for the Irish, right?

I mean, probably.