Umbrian language

To arms, to arms, Sir Council, Lars Bessina is here, and the low hills to westward.

The consul fixed his eye, and saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky, and nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come, and louder still and still more loud from underneath that rolling cloud is heard the trumpet's war-note proud, the trampling and the hum, and plainly and more plainly now through the gloom appears, far to the left and far to right, in broken gleams of dark blue light, the long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears, and plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line, now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine, but the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all, the terror of the Umbrian, the terror of the Gaul, and plainly and more plainly, now might the burghers know by port and vest by horse and crest he twore like lucamo there clinius of aretium on his fleet roan was seen and astor of the fourfold shield girt with the brand none else may wield tolumnius with the belt of gold and dark verbena from the hold by reedy thrasymene fast by the royal standard overlooking all the war lars possina of clusium sat in his ivory car by the right wheel rode mamilius prince of the latin name by the left false sextus that wrought the deed of shame but when the face of sextus was seen among the foes a yell that rent the firmament from all the town uprose on the housetops was no woman but spat towards him and hissed no child but screamed out curses and shook its little fist but the council's brow was sad and the consul's speech was low and darkly looked he at the wall and darkly at the foe their van will be upon us before the bridge goes down and if they once may win the bridge what hope to save the town Then out spake brave Horatius, the captain of the gate, To every man upon this earth death cometh soon or late, And how can man die better than facing fearful odds For the ashes of his fathers and the temples of his gods, And for the tender mother who dandled him to rest, And for the wife who nurses his baby at her breast? and for the holy maidens who feed the eternal flame to save them from false sextus that wrought the deed of shame.

Pew down the bridge, Sir Consul, with all the speed ye may.

I, with two more to help me, will hold the foe in play.

The three stood calm and silent, And looked upon the foes, And a great shout of laughter From all the vanguard rose, And four three chiefs came spurring Before that deep array.

To earth they sprang, their swords they drew, And lifted high their shields and flew To win the narrow way.

Ornus from green Typhurnum lord of the hill of vines, and Saius, whose eight hundred slaves sicken in Ilver's mines, and Picus, long Teplusium, vassal in peace and war, who led to fight his Umbrian powers from that grey crag where girt with towers the fortress of Nequinum lowers over the pale waves of Naa.

Stout Larchus hurled down Ornus into the stream beneath herminius struck at seus and clothe him to the teeth at picus brave horatius darted one fiery thrust and the proud umbrian's gilded arms clashed in the bloody dust then ocnus of phaleriae rushed on the roman three and Lausulus of Ergo, the rover of the sea, and Aruns of Volsynium, who slew the great wild boar.

By about 700, 800 BC, we have pretty clearly different varieties of italics.

So the ancestor of what becomes Auscan, Umbrian, what's spoken further to the south and kind of along the spine and the Apennines, there are varieties spoken to the south.

And then you have the this one specific variety of Latin that's spoken in Latium.

And there's two closely related dialects, Latin and Feliscan.

And they clearly are a group that belong together that are different from the other Italic languages.

They're not in the same branches as Umbrian or Ascan.

My twins, Latin and Feliscan.

Yeah! Yeah! It's interesting because Latin, it feels very similar to like modern European languages, or at least like kind of either in the Romance or even the Germanic family, or even a push kind of the Slavic family to an extent in a way that like Celtic languages don't.

The summits of the Alps are quite uninhabitable, owing to their ruggedness and the quantity of snow which always covers them.

End of chapter 15 Chapter 16 The Apennines, from their junction with the Alps above Marseilles, are inhabited on both slopes, that looking to the Tyrrhenian Sea and that turned to the plain, by the Ligurians, whose territory reaches on the seaboard side as far as Pisa, the first city of western Etruria, and on the land side as far as Arretium, now called Arezzo.

Next come the Etruscans, and after them both slopes are inhabited by the Umbrians.

After this, the Apennines, at a distance of about 500 stadia from the Adriatic, quit the plain and, turning to the right, pass along the centre of the rest of Italy as far as the Sicilian Sea, the remaining flat part of this side of the triangle continuing to the sea and the city of Sena.

The river Po, celebrated by poets as the Eridanus, rises in the Alps somewhere near the apex of the triangle and descends to the plain, flowing in a southerly direction.

The cavalry of the Sabines and Etruscans who had come to the temporary assistance of Rome were 4,000 strong, their infantry above 50,000.

The Romans massed these forces and posted them on the frontier of Etruria under the command of a praetor.

The levy of the Umbrians and Sarsinati inhabiting the Apennines amounted to about 20,000, and with these were 20,000 Veneti and Cenomani.

red whirlwind come and louder still and still more loud from underneath that rolling cloud is heard the trumpet's war-note proud the trampling and the hum And plainly and more plainly, now through the gloom appears, far to left and far to right, in broken gleams of dark blue light, the long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears.

And plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line, now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine, but the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all, the terror of the Umbrian, the terror of the Gaul.

And plainly and more plainly, now might the burghers know, By port and vest, by horse and crest, each warlike Lucumo.

There Silnius of Auretium, on his fleet roan was seen, And Aster of the fourfold shield, girt with the blade none else may wield, Ptolemnius with the belt of gold, and dark Verbena from the hold, by reedy Thrasamine.

Here Raphael had been born and received his initiation into art.

Bembo had taken up his abode here, and on the little Umbrian state there still lingered, as it were, the afterglow of the sixteenth century.

Duke Francis Maria II, now old and childless, could no longer offer effectual resistance to Urban when he demanded the admission of papal troops into his fortresses.

When the prince died in 1631, the Church forthwith took possession of the land, much to the sorrow of its inhabitants.

But on the right hand Tiber has his source, deep-flowing Rutuba, Volturnus swift, and Sarnus breathing vapors of the night rise there, and Liris with Vestinian waves still gliding through Marsia's shady grove, and Siler flowing through Salernian meads, and Macra's swift unnavigable stream by Luna lost in ocean.

On the Alps, whose spurs strike plainwards, and on fields of Gaul, the cloudy heights of Appenine look down in further distance: on his nearer slopes the Sabine turns the plowshare, Umbrian kine and Marsian fatten, with his pine-clad rocks he girds the tribes of Latium, nor leaves Hesperia's soil until the waves that beat on Syllis' cave compel.

His southern spurs extend to Juno's temple, and of old stretched further than Italia, till the main o'erstepped his limits and the lands repelled.

But when the seas were joined Pelorus claimed his latest summits for Sicilia's isle.

out spake the consul roundly the bridge must straight go down for since janiculum is lost naught else can save the town just then a scout came flying all wild with haste and fear to arms to arms sir consul lars porsena is here on the low hills to westward the consul fixed his eye and saw the swarthy storm of dust rise fast along the sky and nearer fast and nearer doth the red whirlwind come and louder still and still more loud from underneath that rolling cloud is heard the trumpet's war-note proud the trampling and the hum And plainly and more plainly, now through the gloom appears, far to left and far to right, in broken gleams of dark blue light, the long array of helmets bright, the long array of spears.

And plainly and more plainly, above that glimmering line, now might ye see the banners of twelve fair cities shine, but the banner of proud Clusium was highest of them all, the terror of the Umbrian, the terror of the Gaul.

And plainly and more plainly, now might the burghers know, By port and vest, by horse and crest, each warlike Lucumo.

There Silnius of Auretium, on his fleet roan was seen, And Aster of the fourfold shield, girt with the blade none else may wield, Ptolemnius with the belt of gold, and dark Verbena from the hold, by reedy Thrasamine.