Treaty of Paris

he had to show how and where english-speaking settlers could go in and make canada not only a british possession but the fourteenth british colony in north america burton and gage were also instructed to report about their own districts of three rivers and montreal the documents they prepared were tacked on to murray's by june seventeen sixty two the work was complete and sent to amherst who sent it to england an ample time to be studied there before the opening of the impending negotiations for peace murray was greatly concerned about the military strength of quebec then as always the key to canada like the unfortunate montcalm he found the walls of quebec badly built badly placed and falling into ruins and he thought they could not be defended by three thousand men against a well-conducted coup de main he proposed to crown cape diamond with a proper citadel which would overawe the disaffected in quebec itself and defend the place against an outside enemy long enough to let a british fleet come in to its relief the rest of the country was defended by little garrisons at three rivers and montrealas as well as several small detachments distributed among the trading-posts where the white men and the red men met in the depths of the western wilderness the relations between the british garrison and the french canadians were so excellent that what gage reported from montreal might be taken as equally true of the rest of the country the soldiers live peaceably with the inhabitants and they reciprocally acquire an affection for each other the french canadians numbered sixty-five thousand altogether exclusive of the fur traders and cours de bois barely fifteen thousand lived in the three little towns of quebec montreal and three rivers while over fifty thousand lived in the country nearly all the officials had gone back to france the three classes of greatest importance were the seigneurs the clergy and the habitants the lawyers were not of much account the very commercial classes of less account still the couriers de boyes and other fur-trayers formed an important link between the savage and the civilized life of the country apart from furs the trade of canada was comparatively small in the eyes of men like the london merchants but the opportunity of fostering all the fur trade that could be carried out down the st lawrence was very well worth while and if there were no other existing trade worth capturing there seemed to be some kinds worth creating murray held out well-grounded hopes of the fisheries and forests a most immense cod fishery can be established in the river and gulf of st a rich tract of country on the south side of the gulf will be settled and improved and a port or ports furnished with every material requisite to repair ships he then went on to emulate the other kinds of fishery the abundance of whales seals and walruses in the gulf and of salmon up all the tributary rivers burton recommends immediate attention to the iron mines behind three rivers all the governors expatriate on the vast amount of harassed wealth and remind the home government that under the french regime the king when making out patents for the seigneurs reserved the right of taking wood for shipbuilding and fortification from any of the seigneurs agriculture was found to be in a very backward state the habitants would rise no more than they required for their own use and for a little local trade but the fault was attributed to the gambling attractions of the fur trade to the bad governmental system and the frequent interruptions of the corvie a kind of forced labor which was meant to serve the public interest but which bigot and other thievish officials always turned to their own private advantage on the whole the reports were most encouraging in the prospect they held out to honest labor, trade, and government.

while murray and his lieutenants had been collecting information for the reports the home government had been undergoing many changes for the worse the master statesman pitt had gone out of power and the back-stairs politician boot had come in pitt's bloody and expensive war the war that more than any other laid the foundations of the present british empire was to be ended on any terms the country could be persuaded to bear thus the end of the seven years war or as the british part of it was more correctly called the maritime war was no more glorious in statesmanship than its beginning had been in arms but the spirit of its mighty heart still lived on in the empire's grateful memories of pitt and quickened the english-speaking world enough to prevent any really disgraceful surrender of the hard-won fruits of victory the treaty of paris signed on the tenth of february seventeen sixty three and the king's proclamation published in october were duly followed by the inauguration of civil government in canada the incompetent boot anxious to get pitt out of the way tried to induce him to become the first british governor of the new colony but boot probably never dared to hope that pitt would actually go out to canada but he did hope to lower his prestige by making him the holder of a cincture at home however this may be pitt mightiest of all parliamentary ministers of war refused to be made either a jobber or an exile whereupon murray's position was changed from a military command into that of governor and captain-general the changes which ensued in the laws of canada were heartily welcomed so far as the adoption of the human or criminal code of england was concerned the new laws relating to debtor and creditor also gave general satisfaction except as we shall presently see when they involved imprisonment for debt but the tentative efforts to introduce english civil laws side by side with the old french code resulted in great confusion and much discontent the land laws had become so unworkable under this dual system that they had to be left as they were a court of common pleas was set up specially for the benefit of the french canadians if either party demanded a jury one had to be sworn in the french canadians were to be jurors on equal terms with the king's old subjects the roman catholic church was completely tolerated but not in any way established lord egremont in giving the king's instructions to murray reminded him that the provisio in the treaty of paris as far as the laws of great britain permit would govern his action whenever disputes arose it must be remembered that the last jacobite rising was then a comparatively recent affair and that france was equally ready to upset either the protestant succession in england or the british regime in canada the indians were also an object of special solicitude in the royal proclamation the indians who live under our protection shall not be molested in the possession of such parts of our domains and territories as not having been ceded to or purchased by us are reserved to them the home government was far in advance of the american colonists in its humane attitude toward the indians the common american attitude then and long afterwards indeed up to a time well within living memory was that indians were a kind of human vermin to be exterminated without mercy unless of course more money was to be made out of them alive the result was an endless struggle along the ever receding frontier of the west and just at this particular time conspiracy of pontiac had brought about something like a real war the story of this great effort of the indians came to stem the encroachments of the exterminating colonists is told in another chronicle of the present series footnote the war chief of the ottawas the french traders in the west undoubtedly had a hand in stirring up the indians pontiac a sort of indian napoleon was undoubtedly cruel as well as crafty and the indians undoubtedly fought just as the ancestors of the french and british used to fight when they were at the corresponding stage of civil evolution but the mere fact that so many jealously distinct tribes united in this common cause proves how much they all must have suffered at the hands of the colonists While Pontiac's war continued in the West, Murray had to deal with a political war in Canada, which rose to its height in 1764.

The king's proclamation of the previous October had given express power to our governor that so soon as the state and circumstances of the said colony will admit thereof, we shall call a general assembly in such a manner and form as is used in those colonies and provinces in America.

which are under our immediate government the intention of establishing parliamentary institutions was therefore perfectly clear but it was equally clear that the introduction of each institution was to depend on circumstances it is well to remember here that these circumstances were not held to warrant the opening of a canadian parliament till seventeen ninety two now the military government had a great success there was every reason to suppose that civil government by a governor and council would be the next best thing and it was quite certain that calling a general assembly at once would defeat the very ends which such bodies were designed to serve more than ninety-nine per cent of the population were dead against the assembly which was none of them understood and all distrusted on the other hand the clamorous minority of less than one per cent were in favor only of a parliament from which the majority should be rigorously excluded even if possible as voters the immense majority comprised the entire french canadian community the absurdi small minority consisted mostly of americanized camp following traders who having come to fish in troubled waters naturally wanted the laws made to suit poachers the british garrison the governing officials and the very few other english-speaking people of a more enlightened class all looked down on the rancorous minority.

And honestly, that's what makes it so fascinating.

After the Treaty of Paris in seventeen sixty-three, the British suddenly had a huge chunk of land that was already humming with French and indigenous voices.

Those early settlers brought their own accents, British, Scots, Irish, and they had to negotiate linguistic space with people who spoke Cree, Inuktitut, or Mi'kmaq.

That negotiation is where the first layers of Canadian English began forming.

London in winter is coal smoke and river fog and the smell of roasting coffee.

The Treaty of Paris is signed in February seventeen sixty-three, and for her part in it, on the thirtieth of March, d'Eon receives the Cross of St. Louis.

From that day, she is a knight of France, a chevalier.

The cross is white enamel on a red ribbon.

In seventeen sixty-two, she crosses the Channel with the Duc de Nevernais to help write the treaty that will end the war.

London in winter is coal smoke and river fog and the smell of roasting coffee.

The Treaty of Paris is signed in February seventeen sixty-three, and for her part in it, on the thirtieth of March, Diane receives the Cross of Saint Louis.

From that day, she is a knight of France, a chevalier.

End of footnote.

News had now reached the Ohio tribes of the Treaty of Paris, but the terms of this treaty had only increased their unrest.

on april thirtieth seventeen sixty three crone wrote to amherst that the indians were uneasy since so much of north america was ceded to great britain holding that the british had no right in their country The peace, added Crowan, and hearing so much of this country being given up, has thrown them into confusion, and prevented them bringing in their prisoners this spring as they promised.

Amherst's reply was, Whatever idle notions they may entertain in regard to the sessions made by the French crown can be of very little consequence.

He had won a victory over the Indians greater than his triumph at Edge Hill, and all the greater in that it was achieved without striking a blow.

There was still, however, important work to be done before any guarantee of permanent peace in the hinterland was possible.

On the eastern bank of the Mississippi, within the country ceded to England by the Treaty of Paris, was an important settlement over which the French flag still flew, and of which no British troops or invaders had penetrated.

It was a hotbed of conspiracy.

Limitation on western land sales.

Later in the same year, 1763, George III issued a royal proclamation providing, among other things, for the government of the territory recently acquired by the Treaty of Paris from the French.

One of the provisions in this royal decree touched frontiersmen to the quick.

The contests between the king's officers and the colonists over the disposition of western lands had been long and sharp.

The province of Quebec had been conquered by the British in the Seven Years' War.

It is ceded to the British in the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

It's French and Catholic by and large, and the British Empire has to work to try to integrate people into that.

When resistance builds in the 1760s and '70s in the, what are called the lower colonies, that is the 13 colonies, people think it's v- really likely that Canada will join this rebellion, because why would they have loyalty to the British Empire that had so recently conquered them? What happens in 1775 is an American, a, a series of US, what becomes the US attempts to bring Canadians on board to this resistance.

Where were the other 12? W- what are we talking about here when we talk about the other 12, uh, organizations or areas, uh, that chose not to join in with the American experiment?

So it depends a little bit how you count them, but most of them are in Canada and the Caribbean.

But there's also East and West Florida, which are larger land masses than the current State of Florida, and those were, um, ceded to the British again at the Treaty of Paris in 1763.

They had previously been under the government of Spain.

It's a little confusing me from the past, but that's why Crash Course is here.

So as you'll recall, the Seven Years' War ended with the Treaty of Paris in 1763, which made the colonists cranky because it limited their ability to take land from the Indians, and it also left them holding the bag for a lot of war debt.

Wars, as you may have noticed, are expensive, and the British government had to borrow 150 million pounds, and the interest payments on that money ate up half of the national budget.

So in order to pay for the war, the British decided to raise taxes.