Treaties of Nijmegen

1672-1678.

France entered by Treaty of Nijmegen.

1675-1679.

Sweden.

1628-1629, Denmark, war of Kalmar, ended by a truce of Altmark.

Regency 1632-1644 1630-1648 The Empire and its Allies, Thirty Years' War Christina 1644-1654 1643-1645 Denmark and by Peace of Brunsborough Charles X 1654-1660 1655-1600 Poland Charles X claimed Polish throne and by Pace of Roliwa 1656-1658 Russia entered by three year truce Pace of Cardis 1661 1657-1658 Denmark entered by Pace of Roskilde 1657-1660 Brandenburg Prussia entered by Pace of Roliwa 1657-1660 The Empire 1658-1660 Denmark 1660-1672 1665-1666 Bremen 1672-1697 1675-1679, Brandenburg, Prussia, Ludenburg, and Munster.

1675-1679, The Empire, ended by Treaty of Nijmegen.

1675-1679, Denmark, ended by Peace of Lund.

1670 to 1671, rebellion against Habsburgs in Hungary led by Thököly.

1673 to 1679, France ended by Peace of Nijmegen.

1675 to 1679, Sweden.

1676 to 1687, Hungarian rebellion led by Emerich Thököly.

1666-1667, Barbary States.

1667-1668, France, War of Devolution.

1672-1678, France, ended by Peace of Nijmegen.

1672-1673, Barbary States.

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Section one of the English Restoration and Louis XIV from the Peace of Westphalia to the Peace of Nijmegen.

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The English Restoration and Louis XIV from the Peace of Westphalia to the Peace of Nijmegen by Osmond Airy.

Preface.

The epoch of European history with which I have here attempted to deal is an epoch of restorations, restorations which assume widely different forms in correspondence with the varying circumstances of the countries in which they take place.

This marriage roused Louis XIV's wrath, and Charles had great difficulty in pacifying him and persuading him that this new alliance meant nothing, but was only intended to keep Parliament quiet.

Charles finally acted as mediator at the Peace of Nijmegen, which could only be regarded as a temporary measure, for the ambition of Louis XIV was still unchecked, and his schemes were as dangerous as ever to the peace of Europe.

Though Churchill was with the army again after the death of Turenne, he seems during the campaign to have occasionally returned to England, and to have been in attendance on the Duke of York, who successively appointed him a gentleman of his bedchamber and his master of the robes.

The licentiousness and unbridled profligacy of the court of Charles II is well known.

Though William had thought it proper to reward Marlborough for his services, he put little confidence in him and gave him no share in the government.

But he soon found occasion to make use of his military talents.

The Peace of Nijmegen had left Europe still alarmed at the power of Louis XIV and at the constant encroachments which he made on the dominions of neighbouring princes.

In 1686 the German princes had bound themselves closely together by the Treaty of Augsburg for the purpose of mutual defence.

For the next six or seven years, the life of the Prince of Orange was to be unmarked by any striking external incidents.

He was occupied with all his wonted patience in the reparation of the mischiefs of the Treaty of Nijmegen and in the laborious construction of that great European league by means of which he was afterwards destined to arrest the course of French aggression.

In this undertaking, and in watching and retaliating upon the encroachments which Louis XIV, almost on the morrow of the treaty, began making upon its provisions, William was sufficiently employed.

In 1684, these encroachments became intolerable.

Louis, having vainly demanded of the Spaniards certain towns in Flanders, on the pretext of their being rightful dependencies on places ceded to him by the Treaty of Nijmegen, seized Strasbourg and besieged Luxembourg in physical enforcement of his claim.

Spain declared war, and William, though thwarted by the States, mainly through the instrumentality of the city of Amsterdam, which was always ill-disposed toward him, and denied the levy of sixteen thousand men which he had asked for, took the field notwithstanding in support of his Spanish ally.

The united forces, however, were too weak to effect much.