Tradecraft

Effective October 1, 2021, requiring important data to be stored in China unless transfer abroad is necessary and approved through a security assessment.

A former Central Intelligence Agency chief of Tradecraft wrote in September 2024 that connected Chinese vehicles could support data collection and remote disruption, and framed those scenarios as possibilities.

A Council on Foreign Relations analyst urged on October 22, 2024, that the European Union adopt rules like the American one, and described remote data exfiltration as a risk.

A Brookings Forum on May 5, 2026, recorded no evidence of espionage or data transfer in its discussion of the Commerce Rule.