Three Rs

In Italy, this right to conscientious objection with both students and educators is enshrined in law.

When I first started co-creating research animal professional educational activities in the Global South, I very much had a Western view of animals and their involvement in research based on the principles of humane experimental technique, the 3Rs, replacement, refinement and reduction.

I sometimes got comments such as white man's views of animals, which I didn't understand why.

I gradually became aware that different cultures and communities view animals differently.

The 3Rs are largely unknown in many parts of the world.

And what is more applicable, particularly in the emerging world, is the broader 12Rs.

created and published by Professor Tiam Brink from Northwest University in South Africa and myself.