Suffolk Resolves

Uh, like resolutions, they used them throughout the American Revolution.

Madison was very familiar with this, whether it's all the way back to the Stamp Act, Congress, or Patrick Henry's resolutions against the Stamp Act, or Joseph Warren's Suffolk Resolves, uh, in 1774, and the like.

All throughout the American Revolution, resolutions were an important piece of the strategy to rally people to the cause, give them instruction, ideas on what they should be doing, organizing, and the like.

Or it could be state laws banning participation in federalis- federal enforcement, really anything and everything to create a massive logistical nightmare for federal enforcement.