He's a historian at Williams College.

Total war would describe making kind of population centers the object of military campaigns as opposed to just defeating armies in the battlefield.

If you center Native Indigenous history, that kind of total warfare is there from the very beginning.

And in those strategies, you have kind of inherently the possibility for indiscriminate violence, the killing of non-combatants.

During the Vietnam War, soldiers used the term Indian country as lingo for any place that was enemy territory.

There's an interview with a soldier who describes Indian country as the place where there's no civilians.

Everyone's an enemy.

Uh, Indian country is the place where you can kind of just fire on anything.