Stanislas Marie Adélaïde, comte de Clermont-Tonnerre

But there was a catch.

During the debate over emancipation, the French nobleman Count Stanislas de Clermont-Tonnerre declared that, quote, we must refuse everything to the Jews as a nation and accord everything to Jews as individuals, end quote.

In other words, Jews would no longer be treated as a corporation with special rules and privileges accorded to them as a religious group.

This, too, fulfilled the revolution's promise to secularize the state, relegating religious practice to the private realm.