Silicon dioxide

Okay.

Specifically, the paint cures into a structure known as gamma SiO2.

So instead of this loose aggregate, you get a tightly bound, highly connected polymeric network.

Oh, wow.

But the tensile strength isn't even the most impressive part of this, right? The real game changer is what happens to the porosity.

Yeah, the porosity is the key.

Because of that tightly bound gamma SiO2 network, Sol silicate coatings have six times fewer pores per square centimeter compared to regular silicate paints.

That is a staggering reduction in permeability.

They belong to two pyramids.

And so that brings the ratio down to SiO2, which happens to be what the mineral quartz is made of, the second-most common mineral in the crust of the Earth.

That is a neutral thing.

There's not a lot of space to fit other cations in there.

Oh, I've been going to our, our washing machine.

We're finding people at Silica are coming today to fi- take a look at my dryer.

[laughs]

I'm gonna have to go to, I'm gonna have to go to the, uh, the, the laundromat today with a bunch of quarters because, uh, our, our, our laundry machi- our laundry, uh, was making a, a weird sound.

Hardness somewhere around 60 to 65 on the Rockwell C scale.

Concrete is full of silica aggregate, sand essentially, but bonded into a matrix.

Silica is abrasive.

It chews through HSS like sandpaper through soft cheese.

But the bigger problem is geometry.

Flints are very commonly associated with chalk, and sometimes occur in layers or sheets at almost regular intervals, but not a particle of flint is scattered about in the chalk itself.

The Atlantic mud, on the other hand, contains no flints, but does contain a large proportion of silica, twenty to thirty per cent, in the shape of cases, sheaths, and skeletons of minute animals and vegetables, and the bed of the Pacific is to a still larger extent covered with these siliceous remains.

Silica is not enumerated among the minerals contained in seawater, because in one thousand grains the quantity is so small as to be little more than a trace.

Silver, gold, and many other metals and minerals are omitted for the same reason.

But if there be but a trace in one thousand grains, the amount dissolved in the whole of the ocean will be far from trifling.

With regard to the silica, we know that it exists dissolved in all water, more or less, and is therefore conveyed to the ocean in large quantities.

But, like the lime, it is wanted by such innumerable living things that little remains in the water.

Silica also is greatly attracted by dead and decaying substances, and collects round dead sponges, bits of coral, shells, etc., and sea urchins are frequently found filled with flint as well as embedded in it.

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Final score, 35-7 for Tim, for Wally, for Jeff, for Aiden.

What do you do to the glass

to make it – No, it's going to be – it's a little – there's some worries about it because it's not pure silica dioxide like quartz is, SiO2.

They put a mix in there to make it malleable.

Okay.

Flints are very commonly associated with chalk, and sometimes occur in layers or sheets at almost regular intervals, but not a particle of flint is scattered about in the chalk itself.

The Atlantic mud, on the other hand, contains no flints, but does contain a large proportion of silica, 20 to 30 percent, in the shape of cases, sheaths, and skeletons of minute animals and vegetables, and the bed of the Pacific is to a still larger extent covered with these siliceous remains.

Silica is not enumerated among the minerals contained in seawater, because in 1,000 grains the quantity is so small as to be little more than a trace.

Silver, gold, and many other metals and minerals are omitted for the same reason.

But if there be but a trace in 1,000 grains, the amount dissolved in the whole of the ocean will be far from trifling.

With regard to the silica, we know that it exists dissolved in all water, more or less, and is, therefore, conveyed to the ocean in large quantities.

But, like the lime, it is wanted by such innumerable living things that little remains in the water.

Silica also is greatly attracted by dead and decaying substances, and collects round dead sponges, bits of coral, shells, etc., and sea urchins are frequently found filled with flint as well as embedded in it.