products and um i think you listed out there are some there's one common one that most people without saying brand names common there is a few others too that work in that manner and some of those other diseases what are the other issues that that cows face that those help with

On your first point there, Anne, there are a number of drugs, medicines in that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs bracket.

The most popular one, like I mentioned, in New Zealand is ketoprofen because it's so practical and it's no milk withholding.

which is just super and makes it very economical as well.

There's others, meloxicam, lunixin and tofenamic acids are probably the big ones.

And they're all working that way where they inhibit that COX enzyme and prevent those pro-inflammatory molecules.

In answer to that second part of your question, what can we use these medicines for? The initial evidence is linked to performance parameters of these animals and also how well they recover from certain maladies.

Where do those variations happen? Why is that so important?

But how do you administer this product?

Yeah, so that's a really good point, Andy.

New Zealand does really well to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.

and hopefully activated charcoal can be another contributor in that space because not all calves with diarrhea need antibiotics activated charcoal paste is administered orally so it's locally active in the gut it's not systemically absorbed and that's exactly how it exerts its effect it binds toxins and helps improve the consistency of the feces of the scours

So with regards to those who want to prevent it in the first place, what is some really good advice on making sure the nutrition is where it needs to be to avoid it?

Yeah, like with a lot of animal health things on farm, especially in spring, Sarah, the most important thing is prevention and nutrition of animals neonatal calves or baby calves is essential to avoid scours.

It's where you're going to get your biggest benefit and making sure colostrum intake is tip top will be the best way to prevent scours so veterinarians often talk about quantity quickly and quality focusing on those three cues to make sure these calves are getting a lot of high quality colostrum very early on in their life it's the most important meal a cattle beast will ever eat