rheumatologist

And it puts me at high risk of inflammatory issues.

Rheumatologists said that the symptoms I had are probably from the gene.

But my

mindset's changed.

And As rheumatologists love to do, we started wanting to then, uh, make patterns, right? Maybe speckled is associated with certain phenotypes of this disease, right? So the paper from Glasgow, Scotland, looking at lupus erythematosus and erythema multiforme, so a whole lot of cutaneous lupus manifestations, and all of these patients had a speckled pattern.

So people were really excited about, oh, speckled pattern's associated with cutaneous lupus and even discoid lupus, for example.

Rheumatologists probably for a decade just sat around pointing fingers and arguing about speckled patterns and trying to group phenotypes and, and categorize things.

But I think most importantly, these papers got to the point of recognizing that not all anti-nuclear antibody is the same.

So the next big step was trying to understand what these anti-nuclear antibodies were actually binding to.

In some patients, they had antibodies to the single-stranded DNA, but much more patients had antibodies that bound to the intact, the double-stranded DNA.

By the way, we previously...

Rheumatologists used to order anti-single-stranded, a single-stranded antibody, but it turned out to be much, much, much, much, much less specific to lupus in a lot of patients who healthy, healthy people have anti-single-stranded antibody.

in remission.

Rheumatologist was astonished.

Thank you, Dr. Ken and Nisha, for all you do.

I love when doctors are astonished.