Respiratory complex I

And there is a fourth push I have not mentioned yet, and it is sitting in your medicine cabinet or your family members, which is why I want it on the record.

Metformin, the most prescribed diabetes drug on earth, works partly by inhibiting Complex 1 of the electron transport chain.

That is not a side effect, that is the mechanism, and it is a legitimate pharmacological choice for the right patient with the right oversight.

But mechanically, a drug that slows the electron transport chain is a drug that nudges the cell toward the fermenting branch.

There are decreased transcript levels for critical ETC complexes and the ATP synthase machinery across the prefrontal cortex.

Advanced proteomic analyses utilizing mass spectrometry have physically measured significant decreases in Complex 1 and Complex 3.

And we see these ETC perturbations not just in the prefrontal cortex, but in the temporal cortices and the basal ganglia.

The power grid failure is systemic.