Raymond Aron

And lots of people who do come to London don't hear it.

So Raymond Aron, great French intellectual, does come to London but hasn't heard the call of 18th of June.

Some people are, of course, already on their way to London.

Some people don't know de Gaulle's in London.

There was a very well-known French… political scientist called Jacques Ellul.

Jacques Ellul was a professor in Bordeaux, a little bit like Raymond Aron, one of these great French intellectuals.

And he was very much on the left, a Protestant, member of the Conseil National de la Résistance after the war, and so really a guy center-left and so on, and he was very much in favor of immigration.

But he wrote at the end of his life, said, immigration is very good, but you don't have Muslim people coming to immigrate to your country because their society is naturally violent.

So the country blows a gasket from time to time?

And so there was, there was almost as if, you know, the way, uh, it ha- it w- Raymond Aron said, said, I think once said that the, in order to get reforms in France, you have to have a revolution.

All right.

And that, t- t- t- let's talk about, uh, this r- a revolution.

I'm not so sure such a distinction is even all that clear-cut.

As French philosopher Raymond Heron later said about the Holocaust, I knew, but I did not believe it.

And because I did not believe it, I didn't know.

This part is a bit more speculative, but I suspect a third mitigating factor may be that people in the 1940s more generally, especially outside the West, just didn't see themselves as having the same level of control over their own destinies as we do today.