Qift

I can conceive no other way.

By water, the sentiment might easily have come down the Ganges into the Sinus Gangeticus or Bay of Bengal, and so into the Indian Sea, and following the course of trade, the way from India by the Cape of Good Hope being then unknown, might be carried with other drugs and spices up the Red Sea to Joddah, the port of Mecca, or else to Tor or Suez, towns at the bottom of the Gulf, and from thence by caravans to Coptos.

But a three days' journey distant, so down the Nile directly to Alexandria, where the sentiment would be landed at the very foot of the great staircase of the Alexandrian Library.

And from that storehouse, it would be fetched.

Ptolemy Philadelphus founded the city of Berenice on the coast of the Red Sea.

The Indian commodities were brought by sea from India to Berenice, then they were carried by land to the city of Coptos, a distance of two hundred and fifty-eight Roman miles, and from Coptos by water to Alexandria.

In consequence of this trade, Egypt became wealthy and prosperous until it was conquered by the Romans.

In the meantime, the Persians and the other subjects of the Syrian monarchy obtained the productions of India by land.

Guban is probably the Kupuna Kupnu of the Egyptians, the Byblos of Phoenicia.

Amiard had proposed a most unlikely identification with Coptos in Egypt.

In the time of Inesin, king of Ur, mention is found of Simiru, Zimira.

End footnote.

He rightly refused, however, to recognize in Sutiku or Sutku the name of the conqueror's god, a transliteration of the Phoenician Siddike, and would only see in it that of the nearest Egyptian deity.

This view is now accepted as the right one, and Sutku is regarded as the indigenous equivalent of the great Asiatic god, elsewhere called Baal or Supreme Lord.

Professor Petrie found a scarab bearing the cartouche of Sutekh Apepi I at Coptos, T.E. End footnote.

He was usually represented as a fully armed warrior, wearing a helmet of circular form ornamented with two plumes.

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As soon as Isis received word of this crime, she cut off one of the locks of her hair and put on the mourning apparel of widowhood, for which reason the spot where she did this was afterwards called Coptos.

That's Coptos, or the city of mourning.

After donning the widow's weeds, Isis set forth in search of her husband's body and wondered about all Europe, wondered about all Egypt, asking all with whom she came in contact.

You see, I may be back here in the United States, but a lot of my thoughts, folks, are still in Europe.

Certainly, this would be quite helpful in facilitating travel, but it seems that the problematic sailing conditions of the northern Red Sea compelled the bulk of imports to be brought through overland routes in Upper Egypt and from the eastern desert in particular.

There were three known main highways running from the coastline of the Red Sea through the desert, one leading to Koptos, just north of Thebes, one to Edfu, Apollinopolis Magna, and one to Syene in the Aswan.

Wells, waystations, and various stopping points are found throughout the eastern desert, which allow Ptolemaic caravans to resupply and continue their march.

Graffiti even attests to elephants being led along these waypoints.

Of all the various Ptolemaic sites along this coastline, few are as well excavated and attested to as Berenice Troglodidica.

Named after the mother of Ptolemy II and established during the same king's reign, this settlement's original purpose was to facilitate the receiving of elephants due to the large landing spots capable of receiving the transports.

Situated at the modern site of Medina el-Haras, it would take 12 days to travel by road from Berenike to Koptos, and the Ptolemaic population living here would have been relatively small, mostly of commercial or military backgrounds, given its remote location.

Yet the amount of traffic passing through would only intensify over the centuries and lead to its expansion during the Roman period, which saw many families of a diverse number of backgrounds permanently reside to take advantage of its economic boom.

The Indian commodities were brought by sea from India to Berenice.

Then they were carried by land to the city of Coptos, a distance of two hundred and fifty-eight Roman miles, and from Coptos by water to Alexandria.

In consequence of this trade, Egypt became wealthy and prosperous until it was conquered by the Romans.

In the meantime, the Persians and the other subjects of the Syrian monarchy obtained the productions of India by land.