Mount Washburn

In both rows the pillars, standing in close proximity, were each about thirty feet high and from three to five feet in diameter.

This interesting object, more from the novelty of its formation and its beautiful surroundings of mountain and river scenery than anything grand or impressive in its appearance excited our attention until the gathering shades of evening reminded us of the necessity of selecting a suitable camp we descended the declivity to the banks of tower creek and camped on a rocky terrace one mile distant from and four hundred feet above the yellowstone tower creek is a mountain torrent flowing through a gorge about forty yards wide just below our camp it falls perpendicularly over an even ledge a hundred and twelve feet forming one of the most beautiful cataracts in the world for some distance above the falls the stream is broken into a great number of channels each of which has worked a tortuous course through a compact body of shale to the verge of the precipice where they reunite and form the fall the countless shapes into which the shale has been wrought by the action of the angry waters add a feature of great interest to the scene spires of solid shale capped with slate beautifully rounded and polished faultless in symmetry raise their tapering forms to the height of from eighty to a hundred and fifty feet all over the plateau above the cataract some resemble towers others the spires of churches and others still shoot up as lithe and slender as the minarets of a mosque some of the loftiest of these formations standing like sentinels upon the very brink of the fall are accessible to an expert and adventurous climber the position attained on one of their narrow summits amid the roar of waters and at a height of two hundred and fifty feet above the boiling chasm as the writer can affirm requires a steady head and strong nerves yet the view which rewards the temerity of the exploit is full of compensations below the fall the stream descends in numerous rapids with frightful velocity through a gloomy gorge to its union with the yellowstone its bed is filled with enormous boulders against which the rushing waters break with great fury many of the capricious formations wrought from the shale excite merriment as well as wonder of this kind especially was a huge mass sixty feet in height which from its supposed resemblance to the proverbial foot of his satanic majesty we called the devil's hoof The scenery of mountain, rock, and forest surrounding the falls is very beautiful, here too the hunter and fisherman can indulge their tastes with the certainty of ample reward as a half-way resort to the greater wonders still farther up the marvellous river the visitor of future years will find no more delightful resting-place no account of this beautiful fall has ever been given by any of the former visitors to this region the name of tower falls which we gave it was suggested by some of the most conspicuous features of the scenery early the next morning several of our company left in advance to explore a passage for our pack-train over the mountains which were very steep and lofty we had been following a bend in the river but as no sign of a change in its course was apparent our object was by finding a shorter route across the country to avoid several days of toilsome travel the advance party ascended a lofty peak by barometrical measurement ten thousand five hundred and eighty feet above ocean level which in honor of our commander was called mount washburn from its summit four hundred feet above the line of perpetual snow we were able to trace the course of the river to its source in yellowstone lake at the point where we crossed the line of vegetation the snow covered the side of the apex of the mountain to the depth of twenty feet and seemed to be as solid as the rocks upon which it rested descending the mountain we came upon the trail made by the pack train at its base which we followed into camp at the head of a small stream flowing into the yellowstone following this stream in the direction of its mouth at the distance of a mile below our camp we crossed an immense bed of volcanic ashes thirty feet deep extending one hundred yards along both sides of the creek less than a mile beyond we suddenly came upon a hideous-looking glen filled with the sulphurous vapour emitted from six or eight boiling springs of great size and activity one of our company aptly compared it to the entrance to the infernal regions it looked like nothing earthly we had ever seen and the pungent fumes which filled the atmosphere were not unaccompanied by a disagreeable sense of possible suffocation Entering the basin cautiously, we found the entire surface of the earth covered with the encrusted cinder thrown from the springs.

Jets of hot vapor were expelled through a hundred natural orifices with which it was pierced, and through every fracture made by passing over it.

The springs themselves were as diabolical in appearance as the witches' cauldron in Macbeth, and needed but the presence of Hecate and her weird band to realize that horrible creation of poetic fancy.

The story of their adventures, written by one of them, runs thus, quote, he and his companion having penetrated several miles through the inhospitable wilds of that region dismounted and unsaddled their horses mr t commenced to fish and prepare them a little dinner while mr s went ahead with his gun to continue the search on foot the former had just caught four fishes and kindled a fire when the latter returned in some haste but perfectly cool and self-possessed and stated that there were six indians on a point jutting out into the lake about a mile distant they concluded that neither had a mouth for fish which they left sweltering in the noonday sun and saddling their horses they advanced towards the foe mr s saw them distinctly but mr t could not probably because he was somewhat near-sighted finally the former gentleman saw them flitting phantom-like among the rocks and trees at which juncture the party retired to camp in platoons and in good order at the rate of a mile in every three minutes this tribe of indians being one of the curiosities of the expedition and hitherto unknown was named after the person who discovered it both of the other parties returned after a fruitless search in their trip to the brown mountain the two who went south crossed the main range of the rocky mountains through a very low pass which on the western side terminated in a brimstone basin containing forty or fifty sulphur and mud springs and a large number of craters from which issued jets of vapor this slope of the mountain was covered with a hollow incrustation through which the water from the springs percolating in different channels had spread out over the little patches of soil with which they came in contact covering them with bright green verdure in crossing one of these the horse of one of the party broke through to his haunches and being extricated he plunged more deeply into another trap throwing headlong his rider whose arm as he fell was thrust violently through the treacherous surface into the scalding morass from complete submersion in which both man and beast were with great difficulty at the base of the brown mountain the party saw a lake of considerable size which they believed to be the head waters of snake river the lewis fork of the columbia they could not approach it nearer than a mile on account of the treacherous character of the soil the other party were absent two days they had visited all the camps of the six preceding days following the trail between them mostly obliterated by the falling foliage of the pines with great difficulty but without discovering the slightest indication that mr evarts had come upon it on full consultation we came to the conclusion that he had either been shot from his horse by an indian or had returned down the yellowstone or struck out upon some of the headwaters of snake river with the intention of following it to the settlements it was agreed that we should pursue the search three days longer from this point before renewing our journey snow began to fall early in the evening through the hazy atmosphere we beheld on the shore of the inlet opposite our camp the steam ascending in jets from more than fifty craters giving it much the appearance of a new england factory village part three part four of yellowstone national park six early pieces by various the wonders of the yellowstone part two section two snow continued to fall all night and the next day and we made our camp as comfortable as possible at night the snow was more than two feet deep it turned to rain the following morning showers alternated with sunshine through the day removed the snow rapidly we were now so completely environed by forest and so far away from any recognized trail that all our fear of molestation by indians or of danger from any other cause was thoroughly dissipated with true falstaffian philosophy we felt that we could take our ease in our inn and the figure one of us presented has been graphically delineated by our artist upon the spot we made a circuit round the head of the inlet to the springs we had seen the next day they were widely different from any we had visited before in all they numbered a hundred and fifty and were scattered along the lake shore about a mile at a distance of a hundred yards from the beach Those farthest inland resembled boiling mud of various degrees of consistency, some not thicker than paint, others so dense that as they boiled over, the contents piled into heaps which gradually spread over the ground, forming an extensive vitrified surface.

This sediment varies in color, that flowing from some of the apertures being white as chalk, that from others of a delicate lavender hue and from others of a brilliant pink color the following are the results of analyses of the various specimens which we gathered by professor augustus deitz of montana here follows a table which the reader has not reproduced in close proximity to these springs are others of pure odorless water near the shore were several boiling springs around which the sedimentary increment had formed into mounds of various sizes and heights the deposit around one of these springs resembles a miniature forest of pines the most remarkable springs of this group six or seven in number are of pure ultramarine hue very large and wonderfully transparent the largest is forty feet wide by seventy feet long the sides are funnel shaped converging regularly to the depth of forty feet where they present a dark and apparently unfathomable chasm from the surface to this opening the sides of the funnel are furrowed and sinuous coated with a white sediment which contrasts vividly with the dark orifice at its base this group of springs exhibit in their deposits a great variety of shades and colors no two of them being alike their constant overflow has fashioned a concrete bank of commingled tufa eight feet in height and a quarter of a mile in length and on the margin of the lake the waves have worn this bank into large caverns which respond in hollow murmurs to their fierce assaults between the springs are numerous vents and craters from which heated vapor is constantly rising along the edge of the water and ten or twenty feet from shore many springs are bubbling none of which seem to be strongly impregnated with sulphur the beach for a mile or more is strewn with fragments of cintar of various colours which have been worn by the waves into many fantastic forms the five days during which we camped at this locality were occupied by every possible effort to find our missing friend but the labours of each day only served to increase our fears for his safety one hope that of meeting him at virginia city was still indulged but opposed to this were many painful conjectures as to his possible fate not the least prevalent of which was the one that he might have been shot from an ambush by an indian arrow our provisions were rapidly diminishing and our longer stay gave promise of unfavorable results the force of circumstances obliged us to adopt the gloomy alternative of moving forward the next day leaving one of our own party and two of the cavalrymen to prosecute a further search the loss of our comrade and friend was to us all a source of much unhappy reflection and the hope of finding him so entirely absorbed our attention that we had little curiosity to examine and so escaped very many of the wonders of this region which we should otherwise have seen in our constant passing to and fro in different directions through the forest along the lake and over the surrounding mountains we had glances of objects which had we been free from a heavy charge it would have been pleasant to visit and describe these however are reserved for future investigation the plan of our route led us in a northwesterly direction from the lake towards the headwaters of the madison we travelled through a dense pine forest unmarked by trails and encumbered by fallen timber for most of the distance the close of the first day's travel found us only twelve miles from the lake still in the midst of the deep snow with no place to pitch our tent and each man seeking unsuccessfully a dry spot whereon to spread his blankets under the shelter of the trees the next day we reached the east bank of the fire hole river the largest tributary of the madison down which we travelled passing several cascades many craters and boiling springs to a large basin two miles above the point of the union of the fire hole and burnt hole rivers we bade adieu to yellowstone lake surfeited with the wonders we had seen and in the belief that the interesting portion of our journey was over the desire for home had superseded all thought of further exploration we had seen the greatest wonders on the continent and were convinced that there was not on the globe another region where within the same limits nature had crowded so much of grandeur and majesty with so much of novelty and wonder our only care was to return home as rapidly as possible three days of active travel from the headwaters of the madison would find us among the settlers in the beautiful lower valley of that picturesque river and within twelve miles of virginia city where we hoped to meet with mr evarts and realize afresh that all is well that ends well judge then what must have been our astonishment as we entered the basin at mid-afternoon of our second day's travel to see in the clear sunlight at no great distance an immense volume of clear sparkling water projected into the air to the height of one hundred and twenty-five feet geysers geysers exclaimed one of our company and spurring our jaded horses we soon gathered around this wonderful phenomenon it was indeed a perfect geyser the aperture through which the jet was projected was an irregular oval three feet by seven feet in diameter the margin of sinter was curiously piled up and the exterior crust was filled with little hollows full of water in which were small globules of sediment some having gathered around bits of wood and other nuclei this geyser is elevated thirty feet above the level of the surrounding plain and the crater rises five or six feet above the mound it spouted at regular intervals nine times during our stay the columns of boiling water being thrown from ninety to one hundred and twenty five feet at each discharge which lasted from fifteen to twenty minutes we gave it the name of old faithful in our journey down the valley looking down through a crevice in the crust upon which we were travelling we discovered a stream of hot water of considerable size running nearly at right angles with and away from the firehole river on the summit of a cone twenty feet high was a boiling spring seven feet in diameter surrounded with beautiful incrustations on the slope of which we gathered twigs and pine-tree cones encased in a siliceous crust a quarter of an inch in thickness but all the curiosities of this basin sink into insignificance in comparison with the geysers we saw during our brief stay of but twenty-two hours twelve in action six of these from vents varying from three to five feet in diameter threw water to the height of from fifteen to twenty-five feet but in the presence of others of immense dimensions these soon ceased to attract attention one which we named the fan has an orifice which discharges two radiating jets of water to the height of sixty feet the falling drops and spray resembling a feather fan it is very beautiful its eruptions are very frequent lasting usually from ten to thirty minutes a vent connected with it about forty feet distant expels dense masses of vapor fifty or sixty feet high accompanied by loud sharp reports during the time the geyser is in action the grotto was so named from its singular crater of vitrified cinter full of large sinuous apertures through one of these on our first visit one of our company crawled to the discharging orifice and when a few hours afterwards he saw a volume of boiling water four feet in diameter shooting through it to the height of sixty feet and a scalding stream of two hundred inches flowing from the aperture he had entered a short time before he concluded he had narrowly escaped being summarily cooked the discharge of this geyser continued for nearly half an hour the castle situated on the summit of an encrusted mound has a turreted crater through which a large volume of water is expelled at intervals of two or three hours to the height of fifty feet from a discharging orifice about three feet in diameter the architectural features of the siliceous centre surrounding it which is very massive and compact indicating that at some former period the flow of water must have been much greater than at present suggested its name a vent near it is constantly discharging a large stream of boiling water and when the geyser is in action the water in this vent boils and bubbles with great fierceness the giant has a rugged crater ten feet in diameter on the outside with an irregular orifice five or six feet in diameter it discharges a vast body of water and the only time we saw it in eruption the flow of water in a column five feet in diameter and one hundred and forty feet in vertical height continued uninterruptedly for nearly three hours the crater resembles a miniature model of the coliseum our search for new wonders leading us across the fire-hole river we ascended a gentle incrusted slope and came suddenly upon a large oval aperture with scalloped edges the diameters of which were eighteen and twenty-five feet the sides corrugated and covered with a grayish-white siliceous deposit which was distinctly visible at the depth of one hundred feet below the surface no water could be discovered but we could distinctly hear it gurgling and boiling at a great distance below suddenly it began to rise boiling and spluttering and sending out huge masses of steam causing a general stampede of our company driving us some distance from our point of observation when within about forty feet of the surface it became stationary and we returned to look down upon it it was foaming and surging at a terrible rate occasionally emitting small jets of hot water nearly to the mouth of the orifice all at once it seemed seized with a fearful spasm and rose with incredible rapidity hardly affording us time to flee to a safe distance when it burst from the orifice with terrific momentum rising in a column the full size of this immense aperture to the height of sixty feet and through and out of the apex of this vast aqueous mass five or six lesser jets or round columns of water varying in size from six to fifteen inches in diameter were projected to the marvellous height of two hundred and fifty feet these lesser jets so much higher than the main column and shooting through it doubtless proceed from auxiliary pipes leading into the principal orifice near the bottom where the explosive force is greater if the theory that water by constant boiling becomes explosive when freed from air be true this theory rationally accounts for all irregularities in the eruptions of the geysers this grand eruption continued for twenty minutes and was the most magnificent sight we ever witnessed we were standing on the side of the geyser nearest the sun the gleams of which filled the sparkling column of water and spray with myriads of rainbows whose arches were constantly changing dipping and fluttering hither and thither and disappearing only to be succeeded by others again and again amid the aqueous column while the minute globules into which the spent jets were diffused when falling sparkled like a shower of diamonds and around every shadow which the denser clouds of vapour interrupting the sun's rays cast upon the column could be seen a luminous circle radiant with all the colours of the prism and resembling the halo of glory represented in paintings as encircling the head of divinity all that we had previously witnessed seemed tame in comparison with the perfect grandeur and beauty of this display two of these wonderful eruptions occurred during the twenty-two hours we remained in the valley this geyser we named the giantess a hundred yards distant from the giantess was a siliceous cone very symmetrical but slightly corrugated upon its exterior surface three feet in height and five feet in diameter at its base and having an oval orifice twenty four by thirty six and one half inches in diameter with scalloped edges not one of our company supposed that it was a geyser and among so many wonders it had almost escaped notice while we were at breakfast upon the morning of our departure a column of water entirely filling the crater shot from it which by accurate triangular measurement we found to be two hundred and nineteen feet in height the stream did not deflect more than four or five degrees from a vertical line and the eruption lasted eighteen minutes we named it the beehive how many more geysers there are in this locality it would be impossible to conjecture our waning stores admonished us of the necessity for a hurried departure and we reluctantly left this remarkable region less than half explored in this basin which is about two miles in length and one mile in width more than a thousand pipes or wells rise to the surface varying in diameter from two to one hundred and twenty feet the water in which varies in temperature from a hundred and forty degrees to the boiling point upwards of a hundred of which give evidence by the calcareous and siliceous deposits surrounding them that they are geysers and to all appearances they are as likely to be as any we saw in action the sides of these wells were covered with siliceous incrustations and were funnel-shaped and in many of the larger ones gradually converged for a distance of from twenty to fifty feet from the edge below which point the apertures enlarged laterally in all directions like a jug below the neck and were apparently unfathomable none of the springs in this locality appear to be impregnated with sulphur in this basin there are to be found no mud springs of which we discovered so many in the valley of the yellowstone and we found but one spring of cold water this entire country is seemingly under a constant and active internal pressure from volcanic forces which seek relief through the numberless springs jets volcanoes and geysers exhibited on its surface and which but for these vents might burst forth in one terrific eruption and form a volcano of vast dimensions it is undoubtedly true that many of the objects we saw were of recent formation and that many of the extinguished craters recently ceased their condition of activity they are constantly breaking forth often assuming new forms and attesting to the active presence of volcanic force a mountaineer who visited a portion of this region a year ago found at one place a small volcano which was constantly overflowing with liquid sulphur and lava and emitting smoke showing that the genuine volcanic elements were there and needed but the concentration of the forces now dissipated through thousands of vents to present a spectacle of grandeur surpassing that of vesuvius or etna the geyser is a new and perhaps the most remarkable feature in our scenery and physical history it is found in no other countries but ireland and thibet the geysers of the country last named are inconsiderable when compared with either those of iceland or the fire-hole or madison basin and those of iceland even dwindle into significance by the sight of those of the madison until the discovery of the madison geysers there were but two of any note known to the world the great geyser and the stoker of iceland the phenomena presented by these have been sufficient at various periods during the past century to invite the personal investigation of some of the most distinguished of european savants von troll stanley olson hooker mackenzie and at a later day bunsen have visited iceland for the purpose of witnessing these aqueous eruptions and forming some satisfactory conclusion relative to the causes in which they originate the theory published by sir george mackenzie that the outbursts were produced by pressure on the air contained in cavernous recesses underground for many years received the sanction of the scientific world the periods intervening between the eruptions of the great geyser of iceland have been very irregular until within the past forty or fifty years since when it has generally projected a small jet to the height of twenty feet every two hours and a large one to the height of eighty feet every six hours mackenzie's theory was that there were two subterranean cavities connected with the main pipe one much deeper and larger than the other which rapidly filled with water after each eruption and that the pressure of the vapors upon them produced these periodic explosions ingenious as this theory appeared to be it was dissipated by the experiments made upon water by mr donne of ghent he discovered that water long boiled became more and more free from air by which its molecular cohesion is so greatly increased and that when it is exposed to a heat sufficient to overcome the force of cohesion the production of steam is so instantaneous and so considerable as to cause explosion bunsen ascribes the eruption of the geysers to this cause he found the water at the bottom of the well of the great geyser to be of a constantly increasing temperature up to the moment of an eruption on one occasion it was as high as two hundred and sixty one degrees fahrenheit his idea is that on reaching some unknown point above that temperature ebullition takes place vapor is suddenly generated in enormous quantities and an eruption of the superior column of water is the consequence the geysers of the madison exhibit precisely the same physical features and doubtless originate in the same causes they are surrounded too as are those of iceland by innumerable springs of hot water the bursting of a column into millions of particles resembles an explosion more than a mere eruption and the vast clouds of vapour which enshroud them and mingle with them in their ascent sometimes give an appearance of bulk to the upper part of the columns much greater than their real magnitude the water of the madison geysers like that of the geysers of iceland appears perfectly pure and doubtless could be used for cooking or drinking we had not the means of analysing it on the spot the centre was both carboniferous and siliceous the latter characteristic predominating but both prevailing sufficiently to have produced large incrusted mounds and numerous illustrations of petrification in various stages of progress all this where such immense volumes of water are being constantly ejected could be effected with a moderate infusion of silica or soda dr black gives the following result of an analysis of a quantity of ten thousand grains about one sixth of a gallon of water from the great geyser of iceland soda point ninety five alumina point forty eight silica five point four o muriate of soda two point four six dry sulphate of soda one point four six total ten point seven five that the same elements are held in solution in the waters of the madison geysers we have abundant proof in the vast incrusted field by which they are surrounded they are but a reproduction upon a much grander scale of the phenomena of iceland a wider field for the investigation of the chemist than that presented by the geysers may be found in the many-tinted springs of boiling mud and the mud volcano these were objects of the greatest interest to humboldt who devotes to a description of them one of the most fascinating chapters of cosmos it would be rash in us to speculate where that great man hesitated we can only say that the field is open for exploration illimitable in resource grand in extent wonderful in variety in a climate favored of heaven and amid scenery the most stupendous on the continent by means of the northern pacific railroad which will doubtless be completed within the next three years the traveler will be able to make the trip to montana from the atlantic seaboard in three days and thousands of tourists will be attracted to both montana and wyoming in order to behold with their own eyes the wonders here described Besides these intervals of the upper Yellowstone, one may look upon the strange scenery of the lower valley of that great river, the great falls of the Missouri, the grotesque groups of eroded rocks below Fort Benton, the beautiful canyon of the Prickly Pear, and the stupendous architecture of the vast chains and spurs of mountains which everywhere traverse that picturesque and beautiful country.

part v more about the yellowstone the interesting accounts that have been given in this monthly from time to time of the remarkable natural phenomena in the valley of the yellowstone have created a general interest throughout the country during the past summer the writer enjoyed unusual facilities for exploring this singular region and he gladly bears witness that the statements of mr langford were in no respect exaggerated indeed it is quite impossible for any one to do justice to the remarkable physical phenomena of this valley by any description however vivid it is only through the eye that the mind can form anything like an adequate conception of their beauty and grandeur we may make our story more clear to our readers if we take as our starting-point fort ellis a beautiful frontier military post located near the head of the fertile valley of the gallatin by the great kindness of the officers of that post we were provided with all the outfit that was necessary for our adventurous journey to the yellowstone on the fifteenth of july last we commenced our winding way over the grassy hills that formed the divide between the waters of the missouri and the yellowstone our course was nearly due east for about thirty miles when we came to the valley of the yellowstone and then we ascended the valley for ten miles farther and pitched our permanent camp near butler's ranch close to the lower canon and at the farthest point to which it would be safe to go with our wagons from this point we changed our mode of travel to pack animals here began the more difficult part of our journey the whole party were filled with enthusiasm to catch a glimpse of the wonderful visions of which we had already heard so much opposite our camp were the yellowstone mountains with peaks rising twelve thousand feet above sea-level and six thousand feet above the valley for beauty and symmetry of outline i have never seen this range equalled in the far west and several members of the party who were familiar with the mountains of central europe were struck at once with the resemblance to the alps but we will continue our way up the valley leaving behind us the lofty volcanic hills which wall us in on each side and enter the lower canon here granite walls rise on either side to the height of a thousand feet or more and through the narrow gorge the river dashes with great velocity the bright green color of the water and the numerous ripples capped with white foam as the roaring torrent rushes around and over the multitude of rocks that have fallen from above into the channel give a most picturesque view to the eye as we look from our lofty heights not the least attractive feature and one that to us amounted to a wonder was the abundance of fine trout which the river afforded there seemed to be no limit to them and hundreds of pounds weight of the speckled beauties were caught by the different members of our party but we cannot linger here although the scenery is very attractive so we hasten on to the devil's slide or cinnabar mountain as it is usually called it is one of the singular freaks of nature which occur very seldom in the west is formed of alternate beds of sandstone limestone and quartzites elevated to a nearly vertical position by those internal forces which acted in ages past to lift the mountain ranges into their present heights as we stand at the base and look up the sides of the mountains we are filled with wonder at the apparent evidences of the convulsions of nature which could have thrown three thousand to five thousand feet in thickness of rocks into their present position ridge after ridge extends down the steep sides of the mountain like lofty walls the intervening softer portions having been washed away leaving the harder layers projecting far above at one locality the rocks incline in every possible direction and are crushed together in the utmost confusion between the walls at one point is a band of bright brick-red clay which has been mistaken for cinnabar and hence the name of the mountain the most conspicuous ridge is composed of basalt and the igneous material was poured out on the surface when all the rocks were in a horizontal position during the jurassic period indeed all the rocks are either of the carboniferous jurassic or cretaceous stage during the day we passed many examples of volcanic action which in any other region would have excited attention small lakes covered with wild fowl and fringed with a luxuriant growth of vegetation occupied the old volcanic craters on the evening of the third day as we came to the junction of gardiner's river the warm springs began to appear near the edge of the stream the white calcareous deposit which always indicates that those springs do exist or have existed covered the bottom and from underneath this crust a stream poured a volume of water into the river six feet wide and two feet deep with a temperature of a hundred and thirty degrees a little farther up the stream were a number of hot springs of about the same temperature with nearly circular basins six to ten feet in diameter and two to four feet deep around them had already gathered a number of invalids who were living in tents and their praises were enthusiastic in favor of the sanitary effects of the springs some of them were used for drinking and others for bathing purposes from the river our path led up the steep sides of the hill for about one mile when we came suddenly and unexpectedly in full view of the springs this wonder alone our whole company agreed surpassed all the descriptions which had been given by former travellers indeed the langford party saw nothing of this before us arose a high white mountain looking precisely like a frozen cascade it is formed by the calcareous sediment of the hot springs precipitated from the water as it flows down the steep declivities of the mountain side the upper portion is about one thousand feet above the waters of gardiner's river the surface covered with the deposit comprises from three to four square miles the springs now in active operation cover an area of about one square mile while the rest of the territory is occupied by the remains of springs which have long since ceased to flow we pitched our camp upon a grassy terrace at the base of the principal group of active springs just in the rear of us were a series of reservoirs or bathing pools rising one above the other semicircular in form with most elegantly scalloped margins composed of calcareous matter the sediment precipitated from the water of the spring the hill which is about two hundred feet high presents the appearance of water congealed by frost as it quickly flows down a rocky declivity the deposit is as white as snow except when tinged here and there with iron or sulphur small streams flow down the sides of the snowy mountain in channels lined with oxide of iron colored with the most delicate tints of red others present the most exquisite shades of yellow with a deep bright sulphur to a dainty cream colour in the springs and in the little channels is a material like the finest cashmere wool with its slender fibres floating in the water vibrating with the movement of the current and tinged with various shades of red and yellow as bright as those of our aniline dyes these delicate wool-like masses are undoubtedly plants which seem to be abundant in all the hot springs of the west and are familiar to the microscopists as diatoms upon a kind of terrace covering an area of two hundred yards in length and fifteen in width are several large springs in a constant state of agitation but with a somewhat lower temperature than the boiling point the hottest spring is a hundred and sixty two degrees others are a hundred and forty two degrees a hundred and fifty five degrees and a hundred and fifty six degrees respectively some of them give off the odor of sulphuretted hydrogen quite perceptibly a qualitative analysis shows the water to contain sulphuretted hydrogen lime soda alumina and a small amount of magnesia it is beautifully clear and slightly alkaline to the taste the water after rising from the spring basins flows down the sides of the declivity step by step from one reservoir to the other at each one of them losing a portion of its heat until it becomes as cool as spring water within five hundred feet of its source our large party camped for two days by the side of the little stream formed by the aggregated waters of these hot springs and we found the water most excellent for drinking as well as cooking purposes it was perfectly clear and tasteless and harmless in its effects during our stay here all the members of our party as well as the soldiers comprising our escort enjoyed the luxury of bathing in these most elegantly carved natural bathing pools and it was easy to select from the hundreds of reservoirs water of every variety of temperature these natural basins vary somewhat in size but many of them are about four by six feet in diameter and one to four feet in depth with a foresight worthy of commendation two men have already preempted three hundred and twenty acres of land covering most of the surface occupied by the active springs with the expectation that upon the completion of the northern pacific railroad this will become a famous place of resort for invalids and pleasure-seekers indeed no future tourist in travelling over the far west will think of neglecting this most wonderful of the physical phenomena of that most interesting region the level or terrace upon which the principal active springs are located is about midway up the sides of the mountain covered with the sediment still farther up are the old ruins of what must have been at some period of the past even more active springs than any at present known the sides of the mountain for two or three hundred feet in height are covered with a thick crust of the calcareous deposit which was originally ornamented with the most elegant sculpturing all over the surface like the bathing pools below but atmospheric agencies which act readily on the lime have obliterated all their delicate beauty chimneys partially broken down are scattered about here and there with apertures varying in size from two inches to two feet in diameter long rounded ridges are also quite numerous with fissures extending the entire length from which the boiling water issued forth and flowed over the sides thus the sediment was continually precipitated in thin oval layers so that a section of these oblong chimneys presents the appearance of layers of hay in a stack or the thatched cabin of a peasant some of these chimneys were undoubtedly formed by geysers now extinct others by what may be called spouting springs as those which are in a constant state of violent ebullition throwing the water up two to four feet a phenomenon intermediate between a boiling spring and a true geyser the water is forced up through an orifice in the earth by hydrostatic pressure and overflowing precipitates the sediment around it and thus in time it builds up a mound varying in height according to the force of this pressure one of these cones is very remarkable surpassing any observed in any other portion of the west from its peculiar form we almost involuntarily named it the liberty cap it is entirely composed of carbonate of lime in flexible cap-like layers with a diameter at the base of fifteen feet and a height of about forty feet it is completely closed over at the summit this is probably an extinct geyser and was the most powerful one of this group sometimes the orifice is in the form of a fissure one hundred to three hundred feet in length and the mound built up by the deposition of the sediment will be of oblong shape as the mound rises the hydrostatic force diminishes until finally the spring entirely conceals itself at the summit and either becomes extinct or flows out through fissures in the sides classed with reference to their chemical constituents there are two kinds of springs in the valley of the yellowstone viz those in which lime predominates and those in which silica is most abundant in respect to beauty of form the calcareous springs build up monuments that far surpass the others the stalactites and beautiful fresco work of the mammoth cave of kentucky are precipitated from springs holding a great amount of lime in solution the remarkable forms which lime is caused to assume through the influence of water is well shown in all limestone regions the scenery in the vicinity of these hot springs is varied and beautiful beyond description i have already stated that they are located a thousand feet above the channel of the yellowstone and thus command a very extended view up and down the valley to the north the devil slide can be distinctly seen while on either side the mountains rise to the height of two thousand feet enclosing the valley as with gigantic walls from the summit still higher piercing the clouds are numerous basaltic peaks presenting a great variety of unique forms to the eastward is the bluff wall composed of twelve hundred to fifteen hundred feet of strata revealing one of the most perfect geological sections observed in the west on the summit is a thick cap of basalt which extends up gardiner's river and forms the floor over which the waters of the east middle and west forks of that stream flow and dash down in most beautiful cascades in the sides of the caons of these branches are rows of basaltic columns as perfect as those so familiar to all who have visited fingal's cave in staffa in all my explorations in the far west i have never seen such exquisite exhibitions of this semi crystallized structure between the middle and west forks stands the dome-like form of mount everts clothed with a dense growth of pines its summit covered with fragments of basalt from its top the view is grand reaching over a radius of fifty to one hundred miles in every direction on the west are the higher ranges of mountains about the sources of the gallatin and missouri forks with their loftiest peaks covered with perpetual snow we must not linger here however amid these impressive scenes but wind our way up the valley in search of more wonders these will meet us in rapid transition from step to step we can only stop a moment to glance at one of the greatest beauties of the valley tower falls or tower creek where the water makes a vertical descent of a hundred and fifty six feet on either side the sombre brecciated columns stand like gloomy sentinels but an excellent description of these falls has been given in a former number of this monthly near this point the grand canon of the yellowstone river commences and continues about thirty miles to the great falls in some respects this canon is the greatest wonder of all the river has carved out a channel through the basalt volcanic breccia and hot springs deposit one thousand to twelve hundred feet deep and one to two thousand feet in width at the bottom of which the water foams along with torrent-like rapidity but the striking feature of this remarkable view is the effect of colours derived from the hot spring deposits which have a brilliancy like the most delicate of our aniline dyes none but an artist with a most delicate perception of colours could do justice to the picture the well-known landscape painter thomas moran who is justly celebrated for his exquisite taste as a colourist exclaimed with a sort of regretful enthusiasm that these beautiful tints were beyond the reach of human art between the upper and lower falls a fine stream called cascade creek empties into the yellowstone standing upon the east margin of the canon one can look up the channel of this little creek a few hundred feet and enjoy a full view of cascade falls which have given the name to the creek the water as it pours over a succession of basaltic steps separates into a number of little streams giving to the whole a most pleasing effect above the falls the river seems to flow quietly along over the surface but little below the general level and here it may be said to present some of its finest and most attractive views if below the falls this river surpasses all others in the west for its rugged grandeur above the falls it excels in picturesque beauty about half a mile above the falls on this creek the gorge is so narrow and deep that the traveller looks down from the margin above into an abyss so dark and forbidding that a very appropriate name comes almost involuntarily to one's lips the devil's den the sides of the gorge are very rugged composed of angular masses of basalt and obsidian cemented with volcanic ashes there is also a large amount of sulphur mingled with the ashes so that the debris looks like the remains of an old furnace on either side of the river as we ascend the valley are remarkable groups of hot springs there is a singular group on the south side of mount washburn which is well worthy of the attention of the traveller the deposit formed by these springs extends across the yellowstone river and occupies a large area most of these springs contain clear water but there are several which are called mud springs these mud springs do not differ in their origin from the others some are what may be called dead springs as those which have passed the period of their activity and now are filled with turbid water others are in a constant state of agitation and may be called living springs while others at certain periods throw out great quantities of mud and may be called mud geysers there is every grade from simply turbid water to thick mud the superficial deposits here are composed of basalts and hot spring deposits as silica and feldspar and as the aperture through which the hot water reaches the surface sometimes extends a considerable distance through this material it is dissolved from the sides of the passage and mingled with the boiling water becomes in due time much like boiling mush whenever the mud becomes so thick as to close up the orifice for any length of time a sort of explosion takes place which sometimes hurls masses of the mud to the height of fifty or one hundred feet at mud springs and crater mountains there are several of these mud springs with basins varying in size from a few inches to thirty feet in diameter mostly with circular rims and funnel-shaped orifices the most interesting of the mud springs occur in the valley of the fire hole creek some of them are filled with very black mud others of brownish clay but in a few instances the mud has the snowy whiteness which is due to the decomposition of the silica deposited from the hot waters to heighten the effect it is also tinged with the bright red from the oxide of iron some of these may be called alum springs from the fact that the mud is composed largely of alum sometimes there will be a group of fifteen or twenty of these little mud springs with orifices from two to six inches in diameter all of them operating at the same time with a low thud like noise we make our first camp on the north-east shore of the lake near the point where the river takes its departure from it here we had one of the finest views of this beautiful sheet of water this portion of the lake is about ten miles wide our camp was located in a broad open meadow-like space with the grass two feet or more in height adorned with bright flowers having a great variety of colors a dense growth of pine surrounded it and to the eastward the range of forest-covered hills was twelve hundred to eighteen hundred feet above the lake at this place we launched our little boat which was destined to perform most excellent service we had transported the framework on the back of a mule from fort ellis we covered the frame with a heavy canvas which rendered it perfectly water-tight and with this little craft twelve feet long three and a half feet wide and twenty-two inches high the entire length and breadth of the lake was navigated many times soundings of the lake were made in every direction and the greatest depth discovered was three hundred feet messrs elliott and carrington made a survey of the shore-line from the boat and with the numerous bays and indentations they estimated the distance to be about one hundred and seventy five miles so far as beauty of scenery is concerned it is probable that this lake is not surpassed by any other on the globe there is not space in the present article to make more than this passing allusion to it but we hope at some future time to do more ample justice to this region and trust that the few isolated facts which we now skim from the surface will sharpen curiosity for the complete account while some were making an exploration of this beautiful lake the writer with a small party made a trip over the high divide between the waters of the yellowstone and missouri rivers into the firehole basin we had already encountered many of the difficulties attendant upon travelling in this rocky and densely wooded region but we were not prepared for the impediments which seemed to block our pathway everywhere we were without a guide and endeavoured to make our courses with a compass the autumnal fires sweep through the dry pines at times so that many square miles are covered with dead trees these are soon blown down by the winds and their long bodies are lodged upon each other in every possible direction sometimes these fallen pines are piled up in a sort of irregular network for six or eight feet in height presenting insurmountable obstacles in the way of the traveller then again the small pines grow so thickly that it seems almost impossible to find an interval between so wide as to admit a pack animal with his load the traveller may thus wind about among the fallen pines or the dense growth of living trees for an entire day and yet at night find that he has not made a distance of more than five or six miles in a straight line after encountering many obstructions we arrived at the fire-hole basin and spent five days in exploring its wonders making charts sketches photographs and taking the temperatures of the springs the boiling point of water at this elevation is about a hundred and ninety two to a hundred and ninety six degrees we ascertained the temperatures of more than six hundred hot springs in this valley and there were as many more that were dying out to which we did not think it worth while to give our attention many also must have been overlooked by us so that within an area of about five miles square we may estimate the existence of about twelve hundred to fifteen hundred springs with basins of all sizes from a few inches in diameter to three hundred feet the springs in this valley are of three kinds but varying much in their active power first those in which the ebullition occurs only at intervals and which may therefore be called intermittent springs second such as are constantly boiling and bubbling up therefore permanent springs third those whose surface is always undisturbed and in which there is no bubbling or boiling up the first class reach the boiling point only when in operation when in a state of repose the temperature of the water is as low as a hundred and fifty degrees the second class have a temperature equal to boiling water or not far below it in this region varying from a hundred and eighty to a hundred and ninety six degrees some of the largest of the springs are in a constant state of agitation one of the largest in the fire-hole basin is represented in the accompanying sketch the basin is about two hundred feet in diameter and the sides of the crater which have been much broken down are about thirty feet deep the crater is so filled with dense steam that it is only at periodical times that it is cleared away so that one can catch a glimpse of the seething caldron below from one side of it five streams of water are ever flowing which in the aggregate form a river ten feet wide and two feet deep the delicate shades of colouring from the iron and sulphur are most finely displayed upon the surface over which this water flows but perhaps the most striking exhibition of nature's forces in this wonderful region is that of the grand geyser which is well shown in the accompanying illustration while we were in the fire-hole valley this geyser played only at intervals of about thirty-two hours but when it was in active operation the display was grand beyond description as we stood near the crater or basin it threw up with scarcely any preliminary warning a column of hot water eight feet in diameter to the height of two hundred feet and so steady and uniform did the force act that the column of water appeared to be held there for some minutes returning into the basin in millions of prismatic drops this was continued for about fifteen minutes and the rumbling and confusion attending it could only be compared to that of a charge in battle the steam poured out in immense masses rising in clouds a thousand feet or more in height after the grand geyser had ceased playing the water of the basin retired from the surface and the temperature fell gradually to a hundred and fifty degrees another geyser in the same group and named by the langford party old faithful was far more accommodating and played at intervals of only an hour throwing up a column of water at least six feet in diameter and one hundred and fifty feet high for a period of about fifteen minutes the ease with which this column of water was sustained at the great height during the period of its operation rendered it a marvel of beauty as well as of power we may say in conclusion that we have been able in this article to do little more than to allude to a few of the wonderful physical phenomena of this marvellous valley we pass with rapid transition from one remarkable vision to another each unique of its kind and surpassing all others in the known world the intelligent american will one day point on the map to this remarkable district with the conscious pride that it has not its parallel on the face of the globe why will not congress at once pass a law setting it apart as a great public park for all time to come as has been done with that not more remarkable wonder the yosemite valley END OF PART FIVE on certain portions of our globe almighty god has set a special imprint of divinity the alps the pyrenees the mexican volcanoes the solemn grandeur of norwegian fiords the sacred mountain of japan and the sublimity of india's at different epochs in a life of travel have filled my soul with awe and admiration but since the summer of eighteen ninety six there has been ranked with these in my remembrance the country of the yellowstone two-thirds across this continent hidden away in the heart of the rocky mountains eight thousand feet above the level of the sea their lives a marvellous section of our earth about one-half as large as the state of connecticut on three sides this is guarded by lofty well-nigh inaccessible mountains as though the infinite himself would not allow mankind to rashly enter its sublime enclosure in this respect our government has wisely imitated the creator it has proclaimed to all the world the sanctity of this peculiar area it has received it as a gift from god and as his trustee holds it for the welfare of humanity we then as citizens of the united states are its possessors and its guardians it is our national park yet although easy of access most of us let the years go by without exploring it how little we realize what a treasure we possess is proven by the fact that until recently the majority of tourists here were foreigners i thought my previous store of memories was rich but to have added to it the recollection of the yellowstone will give a greater happiness to life while life shall last day after day yes hour after hour within the girdle of its snow-capped peaks i looked upon a constant series of stupendous sights a blending of the beautiful and terrible the strange and the sublime which were moreover so peculiar that they stand out distinct and different from those of every other portion of our earth to call our national park the switzerland of america would be absurd it is not switzerland it is not iceland it is not norway it is unique and the unique cannot be compared if i were asked to describe it in a dozen lines i should call it the arena of an enormous amphitheatre its architect was nature the gladiators that contended in it were volcanoes during unnumbered ages those gladiators struggled to surpass one another in destruction by pouring forth great floods of molten lava even now the force which animated them still shows itself in other forms but harmlessly much as a captive serpent hisses though its fangs are drawn but the volcanoes give no sign of life they are dead actors in a fearful tragedy performed here countless centuries before the advent of mankind with this entire region for a stage and for their only audience the sun and stars i shall never forget our entrance into this theatre of sublime phenomena the pullman car in which we had taken our places at st paul had carried us in safety more than a thousand miles and had left us at the gateway of the park before us was a portion of the road eight miles in length which leads the tourists to the mammoth springs hotel on one side an impetuous river shouted a welcome as we rode along above us rose-gray desolate cliffs they are volcanic in their origin the brand of fire is on them all they are symbolic therefore of the entire park for fire and water are the two great forces here which have for ages struggled for supremacy no human being dwells upon those dreary crags but at one point as i looked up at them i saw poised statue-like above a mighty pinnacle of rock a solitary eagle pausing with outstretched wings above its nest it seemed to look disdainfully upon us human pygmies crawling far below living at such a height in voluntary isolation that king of birds appeared the very embodiment of strength and majesty call it a touch of superstition if you will yet i confess it thrilled me to the heart to find that here above the very entrance to the wonderland of our republic there should be stationed midway between earth and heaven like a watchful sentinel our national bird the bird of freedom at length a sudden turn revealed to us our first halting-place within the park the mammoth springs hotel the structure in itself looked mammoth as we approached it for its portico exceeds four hundred feet in length our first impressions were agreeable porters rushed forth and helped us to alight and on the broad piazza the manager received us cordially everything had the air of an established summer resort this i confess surprised me greatly as i had expected primitive accommodations and supposed that though the days of camping out had largely passed away the resting-places in the park were still so crude that one would be glad to leave them but i lingered here with pleasure long after all the wonders of the park had been beheld the furniture though simple is sufficient to satisfy our national nervousness the halls are so well stocked with rocking-chairs that european visitors look upon them with alarm and try to find some seats that promise a more stable equilibrium the sleeping-rooms are scrupulously clean soft blankets snow-white sheets and comfortable beds assure a good night's rest and the staff of coloured waiters in the dining-room steam-heat a bell-boy service and electric lights made us forget our distance from great cities and the haunts of men moreover what is true of this is true as well of the other hotels within the park and when i add that well-cooked food is served in all of them it will be seen that tourists need not fear a lengthy sojourn in these hostelries standing on the veranda of the mammoth hot springs hotel i saw between me and the range of mountains opposite a broad plateau on which were grouped a dozen neat and tasteful structures with the exception of the photographer's house in the foreground these constitute fort yellowstone a fort the visitor exclaims impossible these buildings are of wood not stone where are its turrets battlements and guns nevertheless this is a station for two companies of united states cavalry most of the houses being residences for the officers while in the rear are barracks for the soldiers no one who has visited the national park ever doubts the necessity of having soldiers there thus one of the most important duties of the united states troops stationed within its area is to save its splendid forests from destruction to do this calls for constant vigilance a fire started in the resinous pines which cover many of the mountain sides leaps forward with such fury that it would overtake a horseman fleeing for his life to guard against so serious a calamity soldiers patrol the park continually to see that all the camp-fires have been extinguished thanks to their watchful care only one notable conflagration has occurred here in the last eight years and that the soldiers fought with energy for twenty days till the last vestige of it was subdued the tourist comprehends the great importance of this work when he beholds the rivers of the park threading like avenues of silver the sombre framework of the trees and recollects that just such forests as adjoin these streams cover no less than eighty four per cent of its entire area in a treeless country like wyoming these forests are of priceless value because of their utility in holding back in spring the melting snow some of the largest rivers of our continent are fed from the well-timbered area of the yellowstone and if the trees were destroyed the enormous snowfall in the park unsheltered from the sun would melt so rapidly that the swollen torrents would quickly wash away roads bridges and productive farms even far out in the adjacent country and subsequently cause a serious drought for many months another very important labor of the united states soldiers here is to preserve the game within the park it is the purpose of our government to make this area a place of refuge for those animals which man's insatiate greed has now almost destroyed the remoteness of this lofty region together with its mountain fastnesses deep forests and sequestered glens make it an almost perfect game preserve there are at present thirty thousand elk within the park its deer and antelopes are steadily increasing and bears foxes and small game roam unmolested here buffaloes however are still few in number they have become too valuable a buffalo head which formerly could be bought for a mere trifle commands to-day a price of five hundred dollars hence daring poachers sometimes run the risk of entering the park in winter and destroying them it is sad to reflect how the buffaloes of this continent have been almost exterminated as late as thirty years ago trains often had to halt upon the prairies and even steamboats were occasionally obliged to wait an hour or two in the missouri river until enormous herds of buffalo had crossed their path now only about two hundred of these animals are in existence the sole survivors of the millions that once thundered over the western plains and disputed with the indians the ownership of this great continent until very recently travellers on our prairies frequently beheld the melancholy sight of labourers gathering up the buffalo bones which lay upon the plains like wreckage floating on the sea hundreds of carloads of these skeletons were shipped to factories in the east now to protect the few remaining buffaloes as well as other animals our troops patrol the park even in winter the principal stations are connected by telephone and information given thus is promptly acted on no traveler is allowed to carry firearms and anyone who attempts to destroy animal life is liable to a fine of one thousand dollars or imprisonment for two years or both still another task devolving upon the military governor of the park is the building and repairing of its roads no doubt the superintendent is doing all he can with the amount of money that the government allows him but there is room for great improvement in these thoroughfares if congress will but make a suitable appropriation for the purpose at present a part of the coaching route is of necessity travelled over twice this should be obviated by constructing one more road by which the tourist could be brought to several interesting features of the park that are now rarely seen every one knows how roads in europe climb the steepest grade in easy curves and are usually as smooth as a marble table free from obstacles and carefully walled in by parapets of stone why should not we possess such roads especially in our national park dust is at present a great drawback to the traveler's pleasure here but this could be prevented if the roads were thoroughly macadamized surely the honor of our government demands that this unique museum of marvels should be the pride and glory of the nation with highways equal to any in the world only a few hundred feet distant from the mammoth springs hotel stands a strange naturally molded shaft of stone fifty-two feet in height from certain points its summit calls to mind the headdress of the revolution and hence its name is liberty cap it is a fitting monument to mark the entrance into wonderland for it is the cone of an old geyser long since dead within it is a tube of unknown depth through that ages since was hurled at intervals a stream of boiling water precisely as it comes from active geysers in the park to-day but now the hand of time has stilled its passionate pulsations and laid upon its stony lips the seal of silence at only a little distance from this eloquent reminder of the past i peered into a cavern hundreds of feet deep it was once the reservoir of a geyser an atmosphere of sulphur haunts it still no doubt this whole plateau is but the cover of extinguished fires for other similar caves pierce the locality on which the hotel stands a feeling of solemnity stole over me as i surveyed these dead or dying agents of volcanic power in the great battle of the elements which has been going on here for unnumbered centuries they doubtless took an active part but time has given them a mortal wound and now they are waiting patiently until their younger comrades farther up the park shall one by one like them grow cold and motionless not more than fifty feet from liberty cap rise the famous hot spring terraces they constitute a veritable mountain covering at least two hundred acres the whole of which has been for centuries growing slowly through the agency of hot water issuing from the boiling springs this as it cools leaves a mineral deposit spread out in delicate thin layers by the soft ripples of the heated flood strange is it not everywhere else the flow of water wears away the substance that it touches but here by its peculiar sediment it bills as surely as the coral insect moreover the colouring of these terraces is if possible even more marvellous than their creation for as the mineral water pulsates over them it forms a great variety of brilliant hues hot water therefore is to this material what blood is to the body with it the features glow with warmth and colour without it they are cold and ghost-like accordingly where water ripples over these gigantic steps towering one above another toward the sky they look like beautiful cascades of color and when the liquid has deserted them they stand out like a staircase of carrara marble hence through the changing centuries they pass in slow succession from light to shade from brilliancy to pallor and from life to death this mineral water is not only a mysterious architect it is also an artist that no man can equal its magic touch has intermingled the finest shades of orange yellow purple red and brown sometimes in solid masses at other places diversified by slender threads like skeins of multicolored silk yet in producing all these wonderful effects there is no violence no uproar the boiling water passes over the mounds it has produced with the low murmur of a sweet cascade its tiny wavelets touch the stonework like a sculptor's fingers moulding the yielding mass into exquisitely graceful forms the top of each of these colored steps is a pool of boiling water each of these tiny lakes is radiant with lovely hues and is bordered by a colored coping resembling a curb of jasper or a porphyry yet the thinnest knife-blade can be placed here on the dividing line between vitality and death the contrast is as sudden and complete as that between the desert and the valley of the nile where egypt's river ends its overflow the desert sands begin and on these terraces it is the same where the life-giving water fails the golden colours become ashen this terraced mountain therefore seemed to me like a colossal checker-board upon whose coloured squares the two great forces life and death were playing their eternal game there is a pathos in this evanescent beauty what lies about us in one place so grey and ghostly was once as bright and beautiful as that which we perceive a hundred feet away but nothing here retains supremacy the glory of this century will be the gravestone of the next around our feet are sepulchres of vanished splendour it seems as if the architect were constantly dissatisfied no sooner has he finished one magnificent structure than he impatiently begins another leaving the first to crumble and decay each new production seems to him the finest but never reaching his ideal he speedily abandons it to perish from neglect it cannot be said of these terraces that distance lends enchantment to the view the nearer you come to them the more beautiful they appear they even bear the inspection of a magnifying glass for they are covered with a bead-like ornamentation worthy of the goldsmith's art in one place for example rise pulpits finer than those of pisa or siena their edges seem to be of purest jasper they are upheld by tapering shafts resembling richly decorated organ-pipes from paraffits of porphyry hang gold stalactites side by side with icicles of silver moreover all its marvellous fretwork is distinctly visible for the light film of water pulsates over it so delicately that it can no more hide the filigree beneath than a thin veil conceals a face it is a melancholy fact that were it not for united states troops these beautiful objects would be mutilated by relic hunters hence another duty of our soldiers is to watch the formations constantly lest tourists should break off specimens and ruin them forever and lest still more ignoble vandals whose fingers itch for notoriety should write upon these glorious works of nature their worthless names and those of the towns unfortunate enough to have produced them all possible measures are taken to prevent this vandalism thus every tourist entering the park must register his name most travelers do so as a matter of course at the hotels but even the arrivals of those who come here to camp must be duly recorded at the superintendent's office if a soldier sees a name or even initials written on the stone he telephones the fact to the military governor at once the lists are scanned for such a name if found the superintendent wires an order to have the man arrested and so careful is the search for all defacers that the offending party is usually found before he leaves the park then the superintendent like the mikado makes the punishment fit the crime a scrubbing brush and laundry soap are given to the desecrator and he is made to go back perhaps forty miles or more and with his own hands wash away the proofs of his disgraceful vanity not long ago a young man was arrested at six o'clock in the morning made to leave his bed and march without his breakfast several miles to prove that he could be as skilful with a brush as with a pencil after spending several days at the mammoth hot springs we started out to explore the greater marvels that awaited us in the interior the mode of travel through the park is a succession of coaching parties over a distance of one hundred and eighty miles the larger vehicles are drawn by six the smaller ones by four strong horses well fed well groomed high spirited yet safe this feature of our national park astonished me i had formed no idea of its perfection or its magnitude here for example are vehicles enough to accommodate seven hundred tourists for a continuous journey of five days here too are five hundred horses all of which can be harnessed at twenty four hours notice and since the park is so remote here also are the company's blacksmith and repair shops within the stables also are the beautifully varnished coaches varying in cost from one to two thousand dollars and made in concord new hampshire twenty five hundred miles away on one of these i read the number thirteen and a half why did you add the fraction i inquired of the manager of transportation because he replied some travellers would not take a number thirteen coach they feared a breakdown or a tumble into the river so i put on the half to take ill luck away i dwell at length upon these practical details because i have found that people in general do not know them most americans have little idea whether the driving distance in the park is ten miles or a hundred especially are they ignorant of the fact that they may leave the coaches at any point remain at a hotel as long as they desire and then resume their journey in other vehicles without the least additional expense for transportation precisely as one uses a stop-over ticket on a railroad the fact that it is possible to go through the park in four or five days is not a reason why it is best to do so hundreds of tourists make the trip three times as rapidly as they would were they aware that they could remain comfortably for months when this is better known people will travel here more leisurely even now parents with little children sometimes leave them at the mammoth springs hotel in charge of nurses and receive messages by telephone every day to inform them how they are an important consideration also for invalids is the fact that two skilled surgeons attended on the army are always easily accessible moreover the climate of the park in summer is delightful it is true the sun beats down at noonday fiercely the thin air offering scant resistance to its rays but in the shade one feels no heat at all light overcoats are needed when the sun goes down there is scarcely a night here through the year which passes without frost to me the pure dry air of that great height was more invigorating than any i had ever breathed save possibly that of norway and it is probably the tonic of the atmosphere that renders even the invalid and aged able to support long journeys in the park without exhaustion in all these years no tourist has been made ill here by fatigue a few miles after leaving the hot springs we reach the entrance to a picturesque ravine the tawny color of whose rocks has given it the name of golden gate this is alike the entrance to and exit from the inner sanctuary of this land of marvels accordingly a solitary boulder detached from its companions on the cliff seems to be stationed at this portal like a sentinel to watch all tourists who come and go at all events it echoes to the voices of those who enter almost as eager as seekers after gold and a week later sees them return browned by the sun invigorated by the air and joyful in the acquisition of incomparable memories emerging from this golden gate i looked about me with surprise as the narrow walls of the ravine gave place to a plateau surrounded everywhere by snow-capped mountains from which the indians believed one could obtain a view of paradise across this area like a railroad traversing a prairie stretched the driveway for our carriages do tourists usually seem delighted with the park i asked our driver invariably he replied of course i cannot understand the words of the foreigners but their excited exclamations show their great enthusiasm i like the tourists he continued they are so grateful for any little favour one of them said to me the other day is the water here good to drink not always i replied you must be careful at once he pressed my hand pulled out a flask and said thank you while crossing the plateau we enjoyed an admirable view of the loftiest of the mountains which form around the park a rampart of protection its sharply pointed summit pierces the transparent air more than eleven thousand feet above the sea and it is well named electric peak since it appears to be a storage battery for all of the rocky mountains such are the mineral deposits on its sides that the best instruments of engineers are thrown into confusion and rendered useless while the lightning on this favorite home of electricity is said to be unparalleled presently a turn in the road revealed to us a dark-hued mountain rising almost perpendicularly from a lake marvellous to relate the material of which this mountain is composed is jet black glass produced by volcanic fires the very road on which we drove between this and the lake also consists of glass too hard to break beneath the wheels the first explorers found this obsidian cliff almost impassable but when they ascertained of what it was composed they piled up timber at its base and set it on fire when the glass was hot they dashed upon the heated mass cold water which broke it into fragments then with huge levers picks and shovels they pushed and pried the shining pieces down into the lake and opened thus a wagon road a thousand feet in length the region of the yellowstone was to most indian tribes a place of horror they trembled at the awful sights they here beheld but the obsidian cliff was precious to them all its substance was as hard as flint and hence well suited for their arrowheads this mountain of volcanic glass was therefore the great indian armory and as such it was neutral ground hither all hostile tribes might come for implements of war and then depart unharmed while they were here a sacred intertribal oath protected them an hour later those very warriors might meet in deadly combat and turn against each other's breasts the weapons taken from that laboratory of an unknown power can we wonder that in former times when all this region was still unexplored and its majestic streams rolled nameless through a trackless wilderness the statements of the few brave men who ventured into this enclosure were disbelieved by all who heard them one old trapper became so angry when his stories of the place were doubted that he deliberately revenged himself by inventing tales of which munchausen would have been proud thus he declared that one day when he was hunting here he saw a bear he fired at it but without result the animal did not even notice him he fired again yet the big bear kept on grazing the hunter in astonishment then ran forward but suddenly dashed against a solid mountain made of glass through that he said he had been looking at the animal unspeakably amazed he finally walked around the mountain and was just taking aim again when he discovered that the glass had acted like a telescope and that the bear was twenty-five miles away Not far from the volcanic cliff which gave the trapper inspiration for his story, we reached one of the most famous basins of the park.

In briefest terms, these basins are the spots in the arena where the crust is thinnest.

So the bears are moving up higher, and that means it's going to be a lot harder to see.

If you do things like the Specimen Ridge Trail, or you go up Mount Norris, or even Mount Washburn, you might have better luck up there.

If you see a grizzly...

Right now, just next to the road in a valley, it's because there's a good food source there.

And then let's see.

Bighorn sheep have been few and far between as of late, so that's been a little disappointing.

I've heard they've been pretty good up Chittenden Road by Mount Washburn and then also out the east entrance.

They've just been roaming around closer to the east entrance side of the pass than the park side of the pass, if that helps.

We had been following a bend in the river, but as no sign of a change in its course was apparent, our object was, by finding a shorter route across the country, to avoid several days of toilsome travel.

The advance party ascended a lofty peak, by barometrical measurement ten thousand five hundred and eighty feet above ocean level, which in honor of our commander was called Mount Washburn.

From its summit, four hundred feet above the line of perpetual snow, we were able to trace the course of the river to its source in Yellowstone Lake.

At the point where we crossed the line of vegetation, the snow covered the side of the apex of the mountain to the depth of twenty feet, and seemed to be as solid as the rocks upon which it rested.

There is also a large amount of sulfur mingled with the ashes so that the debris looks like the remains of an old furnace.

On either side of the river, as we ascend the valley, are remarkable groups of hot springs.

There is a singular group on the south side of Mount Washburn, which is well worthy of the attention of the traveler.

The deposit formed by these springs extends across the Yellowstone River and occupies a large area.

Then making a detour to the right, crossing several ugly ravines and through a gap in the ridge, we passed over the elephant's back and entered the great basin of the Yellowstone Lake.

Observations were taken from the summit of the peak, which we named Mount Washburn.

Noon, barometer 20.80, thermometer 50 degrees, elevation 9,966 feet.

The view from the summit is beyond all adequate description.

Looking northward from the base of the mountain, the great plateau stretches away to the front and left, with its innumerable groves and sparkling waters.

a variegated landscape of surpassing beauty bounded on its extreme verge by the canyons of the yellowstone the pure atmosphere of this lofty region causes every outline of tree rock or lakelet to be visible with wonderful distinctness and objects twenty miles away appear as if very near at hand still further to the left the snowy ranges on the headwaters of gardiner's river stretch away to the westward joining those on the head of the gallatin and forming with the elephant's back a continuous chain bending constantly to the south the rim of the yellowstone basin on the verge of the horizon appear like mole-hills in the distance and far below the white summits above the gallatin valley these never thawed during the summer months though several thousand feet lower than where we now stand upon the bare granite and no snow visible near save in the depths of shaded ravines beyond the plateau to the right front is the deep valley of the east fork bearing away eastward and still beyond ragged volcanic peaks heaped in inextricable confusion as far as the limit of vision extends on the east close beneath our feet yawns the immense gulf of the grand canyon cutting away the bases of two mountains enforcing a passage through the range its yellow walls divide the landscape nearly in a straight line to the junction of warm spring creek below the ragged edges of the chasm are from two hundred to five hundred yards apart its depth so profound that the river bed is nowhere visible no sound reaches the ear from the bottom of the abyss the sun's rays are reflected on the further wall and then lost in the darkness below the mind struggles and then falls back upon itself despairing in the effort to grasp by a single thought the idea of its immensity beyond a gentle declivity sloping from the summit of the unbroken range extends to the limit of vision a wilderness of unbroken pine forest turning southward a new and strange scene bursts upon the view filling the whole field of vision and with its boundaries in the verge of the horizon lies the great volcanic basin of the yellowstone nearly circular in form from fifty to seventy-five miles in diameter and with a general depression of about two thousand feet below the summits of the great ranges which form its outer rim mount washburn lies in the point of the circumference northeast from the centre of the basin far away in the south-west the three great tetons on snake river fill another space in the circle and connecting these two highest are crescent ranges one westward and south past the gardener's river and gallatin bounding the lower madison and thence to the jefferson and by the snake river range to the tetons another eastward and south a continuous range by the head of rosebud enclosing the sources of the snake and joining the tetons beyond

You ain't heard about Modo Casino? Modo has real Vegas slots.

Any game you can find on the floor in Vegas, you can play it on Modo.

But getting off the road changes the experience completely.

Mount Washburn is the marquee hike, six miles round trip, 1400 feet of elevation gain, and a summit that puts you above the tree line with a 360 degree view of the entire park.

On a clear day, you can see the Tetons to the south.

The fire lookout on top has public restrooms and an observation deck, which is either reassuring or slightly anticlimactic, depending on your temperament.

We had been following a bend in the river, but as no sign of a change in its course was apparent, our object was, by finding a shorter route across the country, to avoid several days of toilsome travel.

The advance party ascended a lofty peak, by barometrical measurement ten thousand five hundred and eighty feet above ocean level, which in honor of our commander was called Mount Washburn.

From its summit, four hundred feet above the line of perpetual snow, we were able to trace the course of the river to its source in Yellowstone Lake.

At the point where we crossed the line of vegetation, the snow covered the side of the apex of the mountain to the depth of twenty feet, and seemed to be as solid as the rocks upon which it rested.

There is also a large amount of sulfur mingled with the ashes, so that the debris looks like the remains of an old furnace.

On either side of the river, as we ascend the valley, are remarkable groups of hot springs.

There is a singular group on the south side of Mount Washburn which is well worthy of the attention of the traveler.

The deposit formed by these springs extends across the Yellowstone River and occupies a large area.

In both rows the pillars, standing in close proximity, were each about thirty feet high and from three to five feet in diameter.

This interesting object, more from the novelty of its formation and its beautiful surroundings of mountain and river scenery than anything grand or impressive in its appearance excited our attention until the gathering shades of evening reminded us of the necessity of selecting a suitable camp we descended the declivity to the banks of tower creek and camped on a rocky terrace one mile distant from and four hundred feet above the yellowstone tower creek is a mountain torrent flowing through a gorge about forty yards wide just below our camp it falls perpendicularly over an even ledge a hundred and twelve feet forming one of the most beautiful cataracts in the world for some distance above the falls the stream is broken into a great number of channels each of which has worked a tortuous course through a compact body of shale to the verge of the precipice where they reunite and form the fall the countless shapes into which the shale has been wrought by the action of the angry waters add a feature of great interest to the scene spires of solid shale capped with slate beautifully rounded and polished faultless in symmetry raise their tapering forms to the height of from eighty to a hundred and fifty feet all over the plateau above the cataract some resemble towers others the spires of churches and others still shoot up as lithe and slender as the minarets of a mosque some of the loftiest of these formations standing like sentinels upon the very brink of the fall are accessible to an expert and adventurous climber the position attained on one of their narrow summits amid the roar of waters and at a height of two hundred and fifty feet above the boiling chasm as the writer can affirm requires a steady head and strong nerves yet the view which rewards the temerity of the exploit is full of compensations below the fall the stream descends in numerous rapids with frightful velocity through a gloomy gorge to its union with the yellowstone its bed is filled with enormous boulders against which the rushing waters break with great fury many of the capricious formations wrought from the shale excite merriment as well as wonder of this kind especially was a huge mass sixty feet in height which from its supposed resemblance to the proverbial foot of his satanic majesty we called the devil's hoof The scenery of mountain, rock, and forest surrounding the falls is very beautiful, here too the hunter and fisherman can indulge their tastes with the certainty of ample reward as a half-way resort to the greater wonders still farther up the marvellous river the visitor of future years will find no more delightful resting-place no account of this beautiful fall has ever been given by any of the former visitors to this region the name of tower falls which we gave it was suggested by some of the most conspicuous features of the scenery early the next morning several of our company left in advance to explore a passage for our pack-train over the mountains which were very steep and lofty we had been following a bend in the river but as no sign of a change in its course was apparent our object was by finding a shorter route across the country to avoid several days of toilsome travel the advance party ascended a lofty peak by barometrical measurement ten thousand five hundred and eighty feet above ocean level which in honor of our commander was called mount washburn from its summit four hundred feet above the line of perpetual snow we were able to trace the course of the river to its source in yellowstone lake at the point where we crossed the line of vegetation the snow covered the side of the apex of the mountain to the depth of twenty feet and seemed to be as solid as the rocks upon which it rested descending the mountain we came upon the trail made by the pack train at its base which we followed into camp at the head of a small stream flowing into the yellowstone following this stream in the direction of its mouth at the distance of a mile below our camp we crossed an immense bed of volcanic ashes thirty feet deep extending one hundred yards along both sides of the creek less than a mile beyond we suddenly came upon a hideous-looking glen filled with the sulphurous vapour emitted from six or eight boiling springs of great size and activity one of our company aptly compared it to the entrance to the infernal regions it looked like nothing earthly we had ever seen and the pungent fumes which filled the atmosphere were not unaccompanied by a disagreeable sense of possible suffocation entering the basin cautiously we found the entire surface of the earth covered with the encrusted cinder thrown from the springs jets of hot vapor were expelled through a hundred natural orifices with which it was pierced and through every fracture made by passing over it The springs themselves were as diabolical in appearance as the witches' cauldron in Macbeth, and needed but the presence of Hecate and her weird band to realize that horrible creation of poetic fancy.

They were all in a state of violent ebullition, throwing their liquid contents to the height of three or four feet.

The largest had a basin twenty by forty feet in diameter, its greenish yellow water was covered with bubbles which were constantly rising bursting and emitting sulphurous gas from various parts of its surface the central spring seethed and bubbled like a boiling cauldron fearful volumes of vapor were constantly escaping it near it was another not so large but more infernal in appearance its contents of the consistency of paint were in constant noisy ebullition a stick thrust into it on being withdrawn was coated with lead-colored slime a quarter of an inch in thickness nothing flows from this spring seemingly it is boiling down a fourth spring which exhibited the same physical features was partly covered by an overhanging ledge of rock we tried to fathom it but the bottom was beyond the reach of the longest pole we could find rocks cast into it increased the agitation of its waters there were several other springs in the group smaller in size but presenting the same characteristics the approach to them was unsafe the incrustation surrounding them bending in many places beneath our weight and from the fractures thus created would ooze a sulphury slime of the consistency of mucilage it was with great difficulty that we obtained specimens from the natural apertures with which the crust is filled a feat which was accomplished by one only of our party who extended himself at full length upon that portion of the incrustation which yielded the least but which was not sufficiently strong to bear his weight while in an upright position and at imminent risk of sinking into the infernal mixture rolled over and over to the edge of the opening and with the crust slowly bending and sinking beneath him hurriedly secured the coveted prize