Montesquieu

And so most people might know of Carl Linnaeus' work and him his kind of taxonomy of the races, and I put this in quotes for those who cannot actually see me, and thinking about it in the context of white Europeans on the upper echelon and everyone else kind of stratified underneath that and his ideas around this being tied to specific features, you know, physiology in some cases, but also tying it back to some of the travel logs that had been written by Europeans who had traveled to the Pacific Islands, African context, and also Latin America.

And so, you know, Montesquieu in the spirit of laws.

would also be involved in thinking about the racism, like racism in a sense.

And in the Montesquieu context, it was often tied to civilization and language.

For Linnaeus, it was tied to physiology.

And then much later, as a Marxist and a leftist, I'm also thinking about how it was tied to issues around industrialization and development.

I say, okay, let us go over the theories which link openness and globalization and trade to either peace or war.

And I will not now recount the entire But I started with Montesquieu, of course, because he is really very important.

And Montesquieu's view was that trade actually leads to peace because everybody has an interest to cooperate, for me to sell goods to you.

I have to be nice to you.

I have to cooperate with you.

And actually, Montesquieu even believed that it improves the behavior of people.

They become nicer.

The French term that he used is le doux commerce, the sweet commerce.