Mauna Loa

Gusts have been coming in anywhere from 30 to 40 miles per hour.

And at times we have been seeing gusts up to 50 miles per hour over Mauna Loa, Mauna Kea, even higher than that.

And we're watching the outer bands.

You can see Pahala right now, pretty quiet.

We've been seeing that over Kohala.

Very gusty conditions up to about 50 miles per hour.

And we could actually see that over Mauna Kea, Mauna Loa.

And you can see the triple storm force winds will be near the center and then expand out to about 140.

And Barry has never used the current global compilation, not in 2019, not in 2021, and not in 2023. and he uses different methods.

Koutsianis uses refined reservoir routing on Mauna Loa and Barrow, and he derives the residence time And then he derives what we call the relaxation time from a single exponential fit to Waddall 2022.

Barry, again, does a single exponential fit to old data, to the Wellington series.

He calls it E time, and he interprets it as the residence time, which is another problem.

The 3.83 is what you get if you take the mass of the atmosphere over 2010 to 2019. carbon mass in the atmosphere, and you divide it by the AR6 outflux number that they published in AR6, and lo and behold, you get 3.83.

If you do that for each one of the IPCC reports of the last four decades, AR3, 4, 5, and 6, and you get 3.7 plus or minus 0.2, essentially the same number.

If you're using their flux numbers and Mauna Loa mass, you get the same number.

If you do Kutsuyanis' revised, what is it called? Revised reservoir routing or whatever.

So y- all the places that you sent were all pictures of places I knew.

And I'm like, "Oh, there's Mauna Loa.

Oh, there's, uh, there's all the places that you have, all the beach area." It's awesome.

Yeah, that's awesome.

The revegetation of Krakatau, which was deprived of vegetation by a series of volcanic eruptions in 1883, has been followed out by Troube, Ernst, and other observers.

A detailed account is given in The New Flora of the Volcanic Island of Krakatau, Cambridge University Press, 1908. successive lava flows from mauna loa in hawaii by far the largest volcano in the world have afforded an opportunity for similar observations there especially as the age of many of the flows is exactly known forbes occasional papers of the museum of polynesian ethnic and natural history volume five has published a preliminary account of the plant invasion of some of these floes the lava is of two well-defined kinds called by the hawaiians pahoehoe and aa the former has a smooth but billowy or hummocky surface and is marked by lines showing that it cooled as it flowed while the aa is lava broken into fragments having sharp and jagged edges probably owing to subterranean moisture having made it cool from below upward instead of from above downward as in the case of the pahoehoe on eighteen fifty nine flow forbes found no vascular plants on the aa though the surface was often white with lichens while contrary to what might have been expected the smooth pahoehoe was much more richly covered with vegetation which however occurred only in cracks on a nineteen o seven flow plants were found just beginning to be established evidently on both types of lava the first pioneers are low plants like algae and lichens on the pahoehoe these are soon succeeded by ferns and seed plants but on the aa there is a long enduring lichen stage Ultimately, the natural forest of the region returns, except in places where man's influence causes the successful invasion of a naturalized flora.

In this forest, a species of metrosideros is the dominant tree at first, while an acacia is the dominating tree of the ultimate or climax forest.

End of Plant Invasion on Hawaiian Lava Flows by Professor F. Cavers

We have ice core records going back hundreds of thousands of years.

We have direct instrumental measurements going back about 60 or 70 years for carbon dioxide at Mauna Loa.

But there's a gap.

The ice core record is a proxy.

What about like Hawaii? We never really talk about that.

Do they, do they have foliage? I would imagine again, elevation, Mauna Loa up there, but.

I haven't, I have, I've been doing this for 19 years.

I've mentioned in Hawaii is the only state that I've never seen fall colors.

A couple more callers.

Hey Dave, David New York Walls, or New York and Hawaiian Walls, coming to you from Waikaloa Beach with Mauna Loa and Mauna Kea behind me.

I won't make any more cracks about the dormant volcano of walls or anything like that.

I've beat that cliche to death.